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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 






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JAN 21 !387 



THE 



BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK, 



AND THE 



PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY. 



ILLUSTRATED 




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> ^ ]? H. SANDERS, 



EDITOR OF "THE BREEDER'S GAZETTE," AUTHOR OF "BREEDERS' TROTTING STUD BOOK, 

" PERCHERON STUD BOOK," " HORSE-BREEDING," HONORARY MEMBER OF THE 

CHICAGO ECLECTIC MEDICAL SOCIETY, ILLINOIS VETERINARY 

MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, ETC. 



JAN 21 188; 



CHICAGO: 
J. H. SANDERS PUBLISHING COMPANY. 

1887. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1886, 

By J. H. SANDERS, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 



CONTENTS 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING: 

General Laws of Heredity — -Causes of Variation from Original Types — Modifications 
from Changed Conditions of Life — Accidental Variations or Sports — Extent of 
Hereditary Influence — The Formation of Breeds — Terms Used by Breeders — In- 
Breeding and Crossing — Value of Pedigree — Relative Size of Sire and Dam — 
Influence of First Impregnation — Effect of Imagination on the Color of Progeny 

— Effect of Change of Climate on the Generative Organs — Controlling the Sex, . . 9 

BREEDS OF HORSES: 

Thoroughbreds — Trotters — Orloffs — Cleveland Bays — French Coach Horses — Shire 

Horses — Clydesdales — Percherons — Boulonnais — Suffolks — Ponies — Mustangs, etc. 77 

BREEDS OF CATTLE : 

Short - horns — Herefords — Aberdeen - Angus — Galloways — Devons — Sussex — Red 
Polls — Holstein - Friesians — Jerseys — Guernseys — Alderneys — Ayrshires — Swiss — 
West Highlanders — Kerrys — Texans, 201 

BREEDS OF SHEEP : 

Merinos — Cotswolds — Leicesters — Lincolns — Oxfords — Southdowns — Hampshire Downs 

— Shropshire Downs — Cheviots — Sheep Records, etc., 425 

BREEDS OF SWINE : 

Berkshires — Poland-Chinas — Chester Whites — Yorkshires — Suffolks — Cheshires — Essex 

— Neapolitans — Chinese and Siamese — Duroc-Jerseys — Swine Records, etc., . . . 451 



PREFACE. 



A little over a year ago I published a volume entitled, "Horse- 
Breeding," with which was incorporated a chapter devoted to a 
gfeneral review of the laws which a-overn the transmission of charac- 
teristics, both mental and physical, from parent to offspring, 
especially as applied to our domesticated animals. This chapter 
met with a much more favorable reception at the hands of educated, 
practical thinking men than I had dared to hope, and many of my 
personal friends have since then expressed a desire that I should 
rewrite and republish it in connection with a work that would 
be of more general interest to the public than that with which it 
first appeared. Out of this request the present volume has grown. 

In the descriptions of the various breeds of horses, cattle, sheep 
and swine herewith given, no attempt has been made at minute 
historical detail. On the contrary, it has been my purpose to be 
as brief as was consistent with a clear statement of the charac- 
teristics of each breed, giving only so much of the origin and course 
of development in each case as was deemed essential to enable 
the inexperienced reader to form a correct general idea upon the 
subject, and to clearly set forth the purposes and uses to which 
each of the several breeds is thought to be especially adapted. 
In short, I have aimed to make it a volume of interest and value 
to the novice rather than to the professional stock-breeder ; and 
with this in view I have, in connection with the description of the 
various breeds, pointed out the works that may profitably be 



6 PREFACE. 

consulted by those in search of more specific and detailed 
information concerning any particular breed. Realizing the value 
of object lessons — the fact that the eye appeals more immediately 
and forcibly than any other sense to the intellect — I have empha- 
sized my descriptions by giving numerous illustrations — sketches 
from life of thoroughly typical animals of each breed — so that the 
inexperienced reader may the more readily learn the points of 
difference, and the peculiarities of form, color, etc., of each. These 
illustrations are in most cases faithful likenesses of the originals, 
and with the descriptive matter given in connection with each, 
will prove an invaluable aid to a correct understanding of the 
subject. In nearly every case the sketches have been made from 
life, and nearly all the noted animal artists of modern times are 
represented in the volume. Among them may be mentioned Rosa 
Bonheur, Williams, Steel, Burk, Palmer, Hills, Page, Dewey and 
Corwine. The engravings have all been made under my own 
direction, and with three exceptions are all the work of one man, 
Mr. J. M. Irvin, who has for many years past been in the exclusive 
employ of the publishers of this book upon work of a similar nature. 
In this connection I desire also to make some sort of public 
recognition of the valuable assistance I have derived from my son, 
Alvin H. Sanders, in preparing the condensed descriptions and 
histories of the various breeds, and the presentation of interesting 
facts connected with the animals used as illustrations, and who 
from his early boyhood has been my constant associate and helper 
in all my editorial work. 

I hat part of the book devoted to the general principles of 
breeding is the result of much thought and long and careful study 



PREFACE. y 

and observation, and I am confident may be read with profit not 
only by the novice, but by the experienced stock-breeder as well, 
and by all who are disposed to investigate the laws which govern 
the transmission of hereditary qualities from parent to offspring 
whether it be in the human species or in the lower orders of 
animal life. In the descriptions of breeds I have endeavored to be 
judicially candid and fair, to "nothing extenuate nor set down 
aught in malice;" and where controverted points have been touched 
upon, while I have endeavored to state my views plainly, and to 
sustain them by such arguments and facts as to my mind are 
conclusive, yet I have tried to do so in a manner that will not 
prove offensive to those whose opinions and conclusions may 
differ from my own. 

I have not attempted to include in this volume descriptions of 
all the so-called breeds that are found in various parts of the world, 
because in many portions of Europe almost every district, county 
or province has its so-called breeds of horses, cattle, sheep and 
swine, and an attempt at description of all of these would be of 
no practical value to American fanners. On the contrary, I have 
confined my descriptions and illustrations to such breeds as are 
generally recognized, and have, at least to some extent, been 
introduced in this country. 

In the hope that this book will be found worthy of a place on 
the table of every intelligent stock-breeder in the land — a book 
that such men will take pleasure in showing to their friends, as 
one through which they may readily learn the general principles of 
stock-breeding, and the characteristics of the various breeds — it is 
given to the public. While its preparation has involved much 



g PREFACE. 

labor, yet it has been "a labor of love," and in it I have found 
a keen enjoyment. If it shall meet with a kind and appreciative 
reception at the hands of American stock-breeders, my fondest 
anticipations in connection with the work will be realized. 

J. H. SANDERS. 
Chicago, December 25, 1886. 



CHAPTER I. 



GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING. 

The general principles which govern the transmission of hered- 
itary qualities from parent to offspring are beyond question substan- 
tially the same throughout all animal life. Through the practical 
application of these laws to the business of breeding domestic ani- 
mals, which for many years past has so largely occupied the atten- 
tion of intelligent men in Europe and America, the great mass of 
our agricultural population have become familiar with their inexor- 
able power and force; and with a knowledge of the immutability of 
these laws has come a realization of the stern fact that the human 
species furnishes no exception to their operation. The passage in 
the Decalogue, which declares that the iniquities of the fathers are 
visited upon the children unto the third and fourth generation, is 
clothed with a new and startling significance since it has come to 
be generally understood that this declaration is a concise statement 
of the operations of a physiological law, from which there is abso- 
lutely no escape. That the physical as well as the mental and moral 
infirmities and peculiarities of the father and mother are visited upon 
their children, even beyond the third and fourth generations, is as 
true when applied to the human family as it is of cattle, horses, 
sheep, and swine. 

It is not my purpose to attempt to controvert the great principle 
that "all men are created equal," which stands as the chief corner- 



io THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

stone of our political system. Undoubtedly this is true when applied 
to "rights before the law," but that all men are born physically, 
morally, and intellectually equal will scarcely be claimed by the most 
ardent admirer of our democratic institutions. There is a solid 
foundation in physiological fact for the admiration with which the 
" first families of Virginia " have been regarded in some parts of 
our country, and the same may be said of many of our old families 
in New England and elsewhere in America. Dr. Oliver Wendell 
Holmes makes his "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table" give utter- 
ance to his belief in this great truth and his faith in the value of 
pedigree in the human family when he says: "I go always, other 
things being equal, for the man who inherits family traditions and 
the cumulative humanities of at least four or five generations." To 
know that a man or woman is descended from an old family whose 
record has been honorable, beyond reproach and without taint, is 
the very best possible evidence, next to his own individual record, 
that he also is worthy of confidence and respect; and a taint in the 
blood of an opposite character should certainly be regarded with as 
much distrust as a similar taint in the blood of any of our domes- 
tic animals, and for the same reasons. What is "bred in the bone" 
will be transmitted. Beauty of form and feature, strength and force 
of intellect, elegance and grace of motion, integrity and honesty of 
character, susceptibility of culture and refinement or boorish stupid- 
ity, as well as all the virtues and vices, are as clearly transmissible 
and inheritable qualities in man as is the color of the hair or the 
shape of the body in horses or cattle. 

A subject of such vast importance, involving as it does so much 
or weal or woe to the human race, and which places in the hands 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. n 

of the intelligent stock-breeder such power over the animal king- 
dom, may well command the attention of thinking men, aside from 
its practical value as an aid to an intelligent reproduction of desir- 
able forms and qualities in our domestic animals. It has been said 
of Bakewell, one of the first great improvers of live stock in Great 
Britain, that he regarded the animals upon his farm as wax in his 
hands, out of which in good time he could mould any form that he 
desired to create. In fact all our domestic animals have been, to 
a great degree, moulded and fashioned by the hand of man. The 
same uniformity that now characterizes the bison, the elk, and the 
deer probably belonged to the horse, the cow, the sheep, and the 
hog, in a state of nature. The ponderous English Cart horse, the 
fleet courser and the diminutive Shetland pony, are all supposed to 
have descended from originals that were as uniform in their charac- 
teristics as are the members of a herd of bison upon our western 
prairies. The Short-horn, the Hereford, the Devon, the Jersey, and 
all of the various breeds into which our cattle are now divided, 
are descended, it is believed, from the same original type. 

CAUSES OF VARIATION FROM ORIGINAL TYPES. 

That the changed conditions of life to which animals have been 
subjected by domestication — the variety of uses to which they have 
been put, the food upon which they have subsisted, the climate in 
which they have been reared, and selection for especial uses — have 
produced the variations which are now so apparent, is generally 
admitted. Very much of this divergence is due to climatic influ- 
ences, which alone are sufficiently powerful, in the changes of food 
and of habit which necessarily follow, to account for nearly all the 



12 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

varieties which have been produced. A warm climate and a bounti- 
ful supply of nutritious food from birth to maturity promotes growth 
and development, while a scanty supply of nutrition and a rigorous 
climate have a positive tendency in the opposite direction. A knowl- 
edge of the effect of heat and cold upon growth and development 
has been taken advantage of by breeders for the purpose of pro- 
ducing dwarf specimens. The breeder of Bantam fowls is careful 
to have his chicks hatched late in the season, so that the early 
approach of cold weather may arrest development. The bleak, bar- 
ren and tempestuous islands — lying in the high latitude of 59 and 
60 deg. — north of Scotland, with their scanty subsistence and long 
winters, have dwarfed the horse of that country until he appears as 
the diminutive Shetland pony, while, from probably the same orig- 
inal, the rich herbage, nutritious grains and mild climate ten degrees 
further south, on the European coast, have given us the immense 
draft horses of ancient Normandy and Flanders. 

But while climate and the necessarily accompanying influences 
have done much to cause the divergence which now exists in races 
that were once uniform, selection by the hand of man has also 
been actively at work, in some cases co-operating with the influ- 
ences of climate, thereby accelerating the transformation, and in 
others counteracting its effect. We have an illustration of this in 
the horses of Canada. It is quite evident that the causes that have 
given us the tough, shaggy pony of Lower Canada, if continued 
without interruption for a succession of generations, and accelerated 
by the efforts of breeders in selecting animals for the purpose of 
reproduction, with the same object constantly in view, would in 
course of time give us a race as diminutive as the ponies of the 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 13 

Shetland Islands. But this climatic influence has been retarded and 
counteracted by Canadian breeders, who have rejected the smaller 
specimens for breeding purposes, and have constantly drawn upon the 
large draft breeds of Europe for fresh crosses. To such an extent 
has this infusion of fresh blood been carried for twenty-five years 
past, especially in Upper Canada or Ontario, that the influences of 
climate have been overpowered and the progression has been decid- 
edly in the opposite direction. The efforts of Canadian breeders 
in this direction have been materially aided by the improved con- 
dition of agriculture in the Dominion, which has led to a more 
liberal system of feeding and more thorough protection from the 
rigor of the climate. And thus the forces and influences of Nature, 
in some cases aided and in others counteracted by the efforts of 
man, have constantly been at work breaking up the uniformity 
which originally characterized all our domestic animals, until diver- 
gence from the original type has become, in many instances, truly 
wonderful. 

The influence of selection, in creating divergence from a type 
singularly uniform, finds a most striking illustration in the case of 
the domestic pigeon, of which there are now nearly three hundred 
known varieties, more or less distinct, and all probably descended 
from the common wild rock pigeon. Among these varieties the 
divergence is remarkable, not only in the color of the plumage, 
which in the original is uniform, but in the shape and markings of 
the various parts. Who would imagine, at first thought, that the 
pouters, the carriers, the runts, the barbs, the fantails, the owls, the 
tumblers, the frill-backs, the jacobins, the trumpeters, etc., and all 
their sub-varieties, with differences so very strongly marked, are 



14 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

descended from one common parent stock! Yet that this is true, 
and that all the varieties from the original type have resulted from 
changed conditions of life, climatic influences, and artificial selection 
and crossing, is generally admitted by naturalists. 

It is one of the principles of heredity, that when there is a 
great uniformity in a species divergences from the usual type in 
the offspring are slight and rare; but when this uniformity, from 
no matter what cause, has been broken up, divergences in the off- 
spring are frequent and great, although there is always present a 
tendency, more or less powerful, to revert to the original type. 
This tendency is most frequently manifested when breeds or races, 
widely differing in their present forms, are crossed upon each other. 
In such cases, or violent crosses as they are called, it frequently 
happens that the progeny resembles neither parent, but shows strong 
marks of the type from which both of its ancestors originally sprung. 
Darwin gives numerous illustrations of this tendency to reversion 
in his experiments with pigeons of various breeds and colors, one 
of which I quote, as follows: 

" I paired a mongrel female barb-fantail with a mongrel male 
barb-spot, neither of which mongrels had the least blue about them. 
Let it be remembered that blue barbs are excessively rare; that 
spots, as has been already stated, were perfectly characterized in 
the year 1676, and breed perfectly true. This likewise is the case 
with white fantails; so much so that I have never heard of white 
fantails throwing any other color. Nevertheless, the offspring from 
the above two mongrels were of exactly the same blue tint as that 
of the wild rock pigeon, from the Shetland Islands, over the whole 
back and wings; the double black wing bars were equally conspic- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 15 

uous; the tail was exactly alike in all its characters, and the croup 
was pure white; the head, however, was tinted with a shade of red, 
evidently derived from the spot, and was of a paler blue than in the 
rock pigeon, as was the stomach. So that two black barbs, a red 
spot, and a white fantail, as the four purely-bred grandparents, pro- 
duced a bird of the same general blue color, together with every 
characteristic mark, as in the wild Columba livia, or rock pigeon."* 
This tendency to reversion in different breeds of domestic ani- 
mals when crossed accounts for many of the disappointments which 
breeders experience in their efforts to improve their stock and 
serves greatly to complicate the breeding problem. 

MODIFICATIONS PRODUCED BY CHANGED CONDITIONS OF LIFE. 

It is quite certain, from what we know of the effect of climate 
and of changed habits upon animals in a state of domestication, 
that if two branches of the same tribe or species, essentially alike 
in every feature, should, by some chance, become separated and 
compelled to subsist under widely differing conditions of life, being 
left entirely to themselves and the operation of natural laws, in 
course of time a very marked difference would occur in their 
structure or habit. There is a tendency in all animal life to adapt 
itself to the conditions under which it must exist: but a change 
may be so abrupt and complete as to overcome this tendency; and 



* Those who have a desire to investigate this subject, as illustrated by the 
breeding of pigeons, will find a very full history of the various breeds, their 
processes of formation, and the effects of selection and crossing of breeds, in 
Darwin's " Variations of Animals and Plants under Domestication," Vol. I, pp. 
163 to 272. 



1 6 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

under such a condition the race would speedily become extinct, or 
gradually die out with a few generations of sickly and enfeebled 
descendants; but under circumstances less abrupt and unfavorable 
a few might survive, being those individuals that, from some pecu- 
liarity of organization, suffered least from the change. These ani- 
mals, in their turn, would reproduce the peculiarities of their race, 
modified, to some extent, by the new conditions which environed 
them; and these again would produce animals still better adapted 
to the new order, until in course of time we should have a race 
widely differing from the original type, created or evolved by a 
survival of those best fitted to exist under the new order of things, 
and remoulded and refashioned by the changed conditions of life. 

If we accept the commonly-received doctrine of the origin of 
the human race — that is, that all mankind are descended from a 
common parentage — we are driven to the conclusion that all the 
differences which are so apparent in the human family at the pres- 
ent day are the result of the operation of the law of adaptation to 
changed conditions and of climatic influences, to which I have just 
referred. And yet there is as great a divergence from a uniform 
type in the human race as in any of the lower orders of animals 
that are recognized as belonging to a single species. 

In the practical business of breeding domestic animals it is im- 
portant that due prominence be given to the operation of the laws 
to which I have alluded; for it follows that a race or breed most 
perfectly adapted to a certain locality, a certain mode of life, con- 
ditions of climate, and character of subsistence, may in time, when 
transported to a distant clime, or even when subjected to changed 
conditions of life in the same locality, lose all its distinguishing 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 17 

characteristics and become practically worthless. On the other hand, 
a race of but little value in its native state may be so modified 
by a change in climatic conditions, or by the character, quality, and 
quantity of the aliment furnished, as to become of the highest value 
to the breeder; and these modifications, although frequently so slow 
as to be almost imperceptible in a single generation, are acceler- 
ated by the powers of inheritance under a continuation of the con- 
ditions which inaugurated them. A high or low temperature, and 
abundant or scanty nutrition, will, as before stated, affect physical 
development either favorably or unfavorably. Elevated plains, low 
marshes, and mountain ranges are each adapted to support a spe- 
cies of animal life in some respects distinct from the others; and 
hence a knowledge of the effect of the various climatic conditions, 
and of the different kinds of food, becomes of the utmost impor- 
tance to the breeder in determining the kinds of stock that he can 
produce with profit. 

There is perhaps no variety of animals that has been domesti- 
cated by man in which the effects of climate and nutrition are 
more apparent than in horses. Temperate regions, grassy plains, 
and, consequently, abundant nutrition, produce increased size and 
strength; mountain ranges, with bleak, cold climate and scanty sub- 
sistence, dwarf the frame and produce the hardy, diminutive pony. 
The fertile plains of Normandy and Flanders, with their salubrious 
climate and abundant herbage, have been the home, from the very 
earliest period of history, of the ponderous draft horses which still 
distinguish that region, and have been the source from which all 
the countries of the world have drawn the foundation for their 
draft breeds. The bleak and barren Shetland Islands, and the 

3 



1 8 THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 

mountainous tract which lies between the plains of India and the 
crest of the great Himalaya range, are the homes of races of dimin- 
utive ponies, rough, shaggy, and hardy. The highest inhabited land 
of Asia, which forms the source of the Ganges, the Indus, and the 
Brahmapootra — a country as rugged and bleak as can well be con- 
ceived — contains immense numbers of small sinewy and agile horses. 
The extreme regions bounded by the mountains of Siberia on the 
north, the Sea of Okhotsh on the east, and the Little Altaic Moun- 
tains on the west — the home of the Kalmucks — abound in a tough 
and hardy race of ponies. 

I have not been able to find an exception to this law of Nature 
in the history of the world. Wherever the horse has existed for 
centuries on rich, fertile plains, and in a temperate climate, we find 
him distinguished for size and strength; wherever he has been the 
inhabitant of inhospitable, mountainous regions he becomes diminu- 
tive and hardy. Of course these results have obtained where the 
horse is left largely to take care of himself. Man may do much 
by supplying warm stables and abundant food, and by selection, to 
counteract the influence of climate, but in spite of his utmost care 
the tendency will constantly be as Nature has pointed out. Moun- 
tainous regions and a rigorous climate will produce the toughest, 
hardiest horses — as we have seen in the New England Morgans 
and the Canadian ponies of our own country — while our rich and 
fertile prairies and luxuriant valleys are adapted by nature to be 
the home of the ponderous draft horse. 

Prof. Low, in his great work, " The Domesticated Animals of 
the British Islands," has a very interesting chapter on the effect of 
climatic influences upon animal life, from which I quote the following: 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 19 

" The effect of heat is everywhere observed, as it modifies the 
secretions which give color to the skin, and the degree of covering 
provided for the protection of the body, whether wool or hair. In 
the case of the human species the effects of temperature on the 
color of the skin, and, with this, on the color of the eyes and hair, 
are sufficiently known. We cannot pass from the colder parts of 
Europe to the warmer without marking the progressive diversities 
of color, from the light complexion of the northern nations to the 
swarthy tinge of the Spaniards, Italians, and Greeks; and when we 
have crossed the Mediterranean into Africa the dark color, which 
is proper to all the warmer regions of the globe, everywhere meets 
the eye. The Jews, naturally as fair as the other inhabitants of 
Syria, become gradually darker as they have been for a longer or 
shorter time acclimated in the warmer countries; and on the plains 
of the Ganges they are as dark as Hindoos. The Portuguese who 
have been naturalized in the African colonies of their nation have 
become entirely black. If we suppose, indeed, the great races of 
mankind to have been called into existence in different regions we 
must suppose that they were born with the color, as well as the 
other attributes, suited to the climates of the countries which they 
were to inhabit. It accords with this supposition that the Negro 
remains always black, even in the highest latitudes to which he has 
been carried, and that the black races of the eastern islands retain 
the color proper to them in the mild temperature of Van Diemen's 
Land. The Mongolian, even in the coldest regions of Northern 
Asia, retains the hue distinctive of his family, but with a continually 
deepening shade as he approaches the intertropical countries. The 
native of China, of a dull yellow tint at Pekin, is at Canton nearly 



20 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

as dark as a Lascar. The American Indian retains his distinctive 
copper hue amid the snows of Labrador, but on the shores of the 
Caribbean Sea becomes nearly as black as an African. 

" Temperature likewise affects the size and form of the body. 
The members of the Caucasian group toward the Arctic Circle are 
of far inferior bulk of body to the natives of temperate countries. 
The Central Asiatics, on elevated plains, are sturdy and short, the 
result of an expansion of the chest; the Hindoos are of slender form 
and low physical powers, so that they have almost always yielded to 
the superior force of the northern nations from the first invasion of 
the Macedonians to the ultimate establishment of European power 
in the Peninsula. The Negro, on the other hand, in the hottest and 
most pestilential regions of the habitable earth, where the Caucasian 
either perishes or becomes as slender as a strippling, is of a strength 
and stature which would be deemed great in any class of men — 
affording a strong presumption in favor of the opinion of the dis- 
tinctness of his race and its special adaptation to the region in which 
it has been placed. 

" In quadrupeds the effects of temperature are everywhere observ- 
able in the covering provided for their body, whether wool or hair, 
and which in the same species is always more abundant in the colder 
than in the warmer countries. In all quadrupeds there is a growth 
of down or wool underneath the hair, and more or less mixed with 
it. In warm countries this wool is little if at all developed; but in 
the colder it frequently becomes the principal covering of the skin, 
forming along with the hair a thick fur. In the warmest regions 
the domestic sheep produces scarcely any wool; in temperate coun- 
tries he has a fleece properly so called; and in the coldest of all his 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 21 

wool is mixed with long hair which covers it externally. The 
wool, an imperfect conductor of heat, preserves the natural temper- 
ature of the body, and thus protects the animal from cold, while 
the long hair is fitted to throw off the water which falls upon the 
body in rain or snow. But in the warm season the wool, which 
would be incommodious, falls off, to be renewed before winter, while 
the hair always remains. The dog, too, has a coat of wool which 
he loses in countries of great heat, but which in colder countries 
grows so as to form along with the hair a thick fur, so that in 
certain cold countries there have been formed breeds of dogs to 
produce wool for clothing. The dogs of Europe conveyed to warm 
countries frequently lose even their hair and become as naked as 
elephants, and in every country their fur is suited to the nature of 
the climate. 

"Similar to the effects of temperature is that of humidity, the hair 
becoming longer and more oily in the moister countries. Even within 
the limits of our own islands, the ox of the western coasts, exposed 
to the humid vapors of the Atlantic, has longer hair than the ox of 
the eastern districts. Even the effects of continued exposure to 
winds and storms may modify parts of the animal form. There are 
certain breeds of gallinaceous fowls which are destitute of the rump, 
so called. Most of the common fowls of the Isle of Arran, on the 
coast of Scotland, have this peculiarity. This little island consists 
of high hills, on which scarcely a bush exists to shelter the animals 
which inhabit it from the continued gales of the Atlantic. The 
feathers of a long tail might incommode the animals, and therefore, 
we may suppose, they disappear; and were peacocks to be reared 
under similar circumstances it is probable that, in the course of sue- 



22 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

cessive generations, they would lose the beautiful appendage which 
they bring from their native jungles. 

" The effects, likewise, of altitude are to be numbered among 
those which modify the characters of animals. In general the ani- 
mals of mountains are smaller and more agile than those of the 
same species inhabiting plains. In man the pulse increases in fre- 
quency as he ascends into the atmosphere, so that, while at the level 
of the sea the number of beats is 70 in a minute, at the hight of 
4,000 feet the number exceeds 100. The air being rarer a greater 
quantity of it must be drawn into the lungs to afford the oxygen 
necessary to carry off the excess of carbon in the system. But 
gradually, as man and other animals become naturalized in an ele- 
vated country, the digestive and respiratory organs, and with these 
the capacity of the chest and abdomen, become suited to their new 
relations. Humboldt remarks on the extraordinary development of 
the chest in the inhabitants of the Andes, producing even deformity; 
and he justly observes that this is a consequence of the rarity of 
the air, which demands an extension of the lungs. 

" The effects have been referred to of use or exercise in modify- 
ing certain parts of the animal form. The limbs of many animals 
inured or compelled to speed become extended in length, as of the 
dogs employed in the chase of the swifter animals. The limbs of 
an animal deprived of the means of motion become feeble and small, 
as the wings of domesticated birds. In the natural state the cow 
has a small udder, yet sufficient to contain the milk which her 
young requires; in the domesticated state, by milking her, the organ 
becomes enlarged so as to contain a quantity of milk beyond what 
the wants of her own offspring demand. Nor are the characteristics 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 23 

thus acquired confined to the individuals on which they have been 
impressed, but may be transmitted to their posterity." 

The lessons taught by these illustrations are obvious. None of 
our improved breeds are adapted to all climates and all conditions 
of life. To be at their best they must each be kept, as nearly as 
possible, under the same conditions of food and climate as those 
under which they have attained their excellence. Any material 
change in either of these conditions is liable ultimately to make a 
material change in the character of the breed. These changes are 
usually unfavorable ones, although not necessarily so. Change of 
itself, when in the direction of better care, more generous feeding 
and more genial climate, will tend to produce greater size, a more 
graceful form and greater excellence. At the same time improvement 
in these particulars is quite likely to be at the expense of what is 
termed hardiness, or ability to withstand exposure and rough usage. 

ACCIDENTAL VARIATIONS OR " SPORTS." 

When animals in a state of nature are not disturbed in the en- 
joyment of the conditions under which they have existed for ages, 
as the American bison or buffalo, the elk, the deer, the wolf, etc., 
the uniformity which prevails among all the individuals of the race 
is remarkable; and all the peculiarities of structure, color, and char- 
acter are transmitted from generation to generation with almost 
unerring certainty; and here the maxim of the breeder, that "like 
produces like," scarcely ever meets with an exception. Such animals 
are, in the truest sense of the word, thoroughbred, or purely bred. 
There has been no commingling of blood or crossing of various 
strains to give the race a composite character, and hence when we 



2 4 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 



have seen the sire and dam we can tell with certainty what the 
progeny will be. Were any of our domesticated animals thorough- 
breds, in the sense that the bison, the elk or deer are thoroughbreds, 
the breeding problem would be a simple one, and like would invari- 
ably produce like so long as the conditions of life remained the 
same. The same principle holds true in the reproduction of vege- 
table life. An absolutely pure seed reproduces its kind, but when 
cross-fertilization has once taken place the result is uncertain. If 
the flower of the Baldwin apple tree be fertilized by the pollen of a 
Winesap the seed from this union will produce neither the one nor 
the other. It will be an apple because both of its parents were 
apples; but as they were of different varieties, or forms, or charac- 
ters, so the produce will have a character of its own, differing from 
both of its ancestors. And even if the stigma of the Baldwin be 
fertilized by pollen of its own kind the result is uncertain, because 
the parent is itself the result of cross-fertilization. The application 
of this principle to the crossing of different races of domestic animals 
is evident, and it will be referred to hereafter. 

But, notwithstanding the uniformity of which I have spoken, in 
the produce of absolutely pure or unmixed races there arises occa- 
sionally what is termed an accidental variation from the established 
type — a sport, as it is frequently called. The color of the American 
deer is of a fixed type, and a departure from uniformity in this par- 
ticular is very rare — yet a white deer is occasionally found — and 
so of other animals in which the color is an equally well-established 
characteristic. Man has five fingers on each hand and five toes on 
each foot, and in this particular the race is uniform; yet a "sport" is 
now and then found where the number of finders or toes is increased 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 25 

to six. When these accidental variations once occur they are liable, 
under favorable conditions, to be transmitted by inheritance; but 
under the ordinary operations of Nature's laws, when the conditions 
of life remain unchanged, these anomalies usually disappear within 
one or two generations, and the normal and characteristic type of 
the race is resumed. A well-authenticated instance of the transmis- 
sion of accidental variations is found in the oft-quoted case of Edward 
Lambert, whose whole body, with the exception of the face, the 
soles of the feet, and the palms of the hands, was covered with a 
sort of horny excrescence, which was periodically molted. His six 
sons all inherited the same peculiarity, and the only one of the six 
that survived transmitted it, in turn, to all his sons. This abnormal 
characteristic was transmitted through the male line for six genera- 
tions, and then disappeared. — ("Philosophical Transactions," Vol. 
XVII, p. 23.) It is a very striking illustration of the peculiarities 
of heredity that the females of this family should have failed to 
inherit this characteristic. Another remarkable case of this nature 
that came under my own observation was that of a family residing 
in Iowa, where the mother and three grown daughters were entirely 
destitute of hair, but the sons all had quite as much as the average 
of men. We have also several well-authenticated cases of the trans- 
mission, for a few generations, of an abnormal number of ringers 
or toes, as in the case of the Colburn family, where each of the 
members had a supernumerary toe and ringer, which anomaly was 
transmitted, although irregularly, through four generations before it 
entirely disappeared. The writer is personally cognizant of a case 
in which the second and third toe of each foot were united, and 
which anomaly has been transmitted for three generations to one 



26 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

only out of an average of eight descendants in each family. But, 
as before remarked, when the conditions of life remain unchanged 
these anomalies almost invariably disappear, and the descendants 
ultimately resume the typical character of the race. 

From the fact that these accidental variations have shown them- 
selves to be, in a limited degree, transmissible by heredity, we may 
infer that if selections were made with a view to their perpetuation 
they might ultimately become fixed characteristics. Indeed, there 
is a considerable weight of evidence tending to show that even vari- 
ations produced by mutilation, or by other artificial means, are 
sometimes transmitted, especially when the mutilation has been inti- 
mately connected with the nervous system. Dr. Prosper Lucas gives 
numerous well-authenticated instances of this character, and is decid- 
edly of opinion that variations or mutilations that are the result of 
disease are transmissible. That eminent scientist, Dr. Brown-Sequard, 
gives an interesting account of some experiments with guinea pigs. 
By an operation upon a certain nerve he produced epileptic convul- 
sions; and the produce of the animals upon which this operation was 
performed manifested the same symptoms. — ("Proceedings of the 
Royal Society of Great Britain," Vol. X, p. 279.) But. notwithstand- 
ing the numerous instances given by the eminent authorities above 
quoted, I am of the opinion that the cases of the transmission of 
these artificially, produced variations are so rare as to be practically 
of no account in the calculations of the breeder. 

The law which governs the transmission of these accidental vari- 
ations, whether they be the result of a " sport " or of external influ- 
ences, appears to be that when such variations from the common 
type are in antagonism to the conditions of life to which the inch- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 27 

vidual is subjected the variations are not perpetuated; while, on the 
other hand, if they are in conformity to the existing wants or con- 
ditions, thereby better fitting the individual to succeed in the struggle 
for existence, natural selection and a survival of the fittest will tend 
to perpetuate them. 

From the foregoing it is evident that the laws of heredity tend 
to reproduce in the progeny the character of the ancestors, and that 
when the ancestry is of a fixed and uniform type the maxim that 
" like produces like " admits of few exceptions. Yet there are excep- 
tions even here, as we have seen in the case of sports; and" the mod- 
ifications produced by changed conditions of life — adaptation to new 
uses and new modes of subsistence — tend to vary what, under the 
operation of the unrestricted laws of heredity, would fix a given 
type and leave the breeder's art powerless to effect change or 
improvement. 

Heredity, which makes of every individual the sum or essence of 
that which has lived before him, is essentially a conservative force, 
and opposes all change, all progress, all improvement; but evolution, 
which compels heredity to give way to internal and external causes 
and modifies both the physical and mental organism, places in the 
breeder's hands the means of effecting wonderful changes. 

EXTENT OF HEREDITARY INFLUENCE. 

I have spoken of two forces that, in their effects, appear to be 
diametrically opposed to each other — heredity, which makes of every 
individual the sum or essence of that which has preceded it, and 
evolution or spontaneity, which constantly tends to give to animal 
life new forms and to each individual peculiarities which belong to 



28 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

it alone. Of these heredity is unquestionably the stronger force, 
because, as I have before remarked, when uniformity has once been 
established the general principle that like produces like very rarely 
rinds an exception. In fact the influence of heredity is always pres- 
ent, and in the reproduction of animal life never fails to assert itself 
in a greater or less degree. Every living thing brings forth young- 
after its own kind — in some cases the exact counterpart of the parent, 
and in others slightly modified; but always showing more or less of 
the parent type. Men do not gather grapes of thorns nor rigs of 
thistles, neither do Short-horn cows bring forth buffalo calves nor 
draft mares produce thoroughbred race horses. Hence, although we 
may frequently meet with very apparent differences between the 
parents and the progeny, }^et a moment's reflection will show us that 
the points of resemblance are always very much greater than those 
of difference. We are so accustomed to look at the operation of 
this law in its details that we overlook the aggregate of results. 
We mate a purely-bred Essex sow and boar, and look upon it as 
a matter of course that the pigs produced will all be black and 
possess the general characteristics of the Essex breed; but if, having 
selected our breeding pair with a view to the transmission of a 
peculiar form of the head or shape of the ear, we find in the produce 
that few, and possibly none, possess the peculiarity we have sought 
to perpetuate, we are apt to lose faith in the power of heredity. 
And yet it would be an argument against the uniform operation of 
this law were the produce all to possess the peculiarity which dis- 
tinguished the sire and dam, for this was in them an exceptional 
feature; and the fact that the pigs possessed, in lieu of this peculiar 
mark, the character that belonged to their ancestors in general is 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 29 

rather a testimony to the inherent power of heredity than otherwise. 
Were our pair of pure Essex swine to produce Poland-China, or 
Berkshire, or Yorkshire pigs there would be room for suspicion as 
to the blood of the ancestry or for complaint that the laws of hered- 
ity had been violated; but such a transgression of Nature's law so 
rarely occurs that when it does take place we may properly call the 
result a "sport." Hence, the failure of an individual to reproduce 
features that are peculiar to itself, or of a pair of individuals distin- 
guished for the same peculiarity to transmit it to their offspring, 
should excite no surprise in the mind of the breeder. Let it be 
remembered always that heredity transmits with certainty only what 
has become a fixed characteristic in the race. Sports, accidental 
variations and individual peculiarities only occur in opposition to this 
law, and their transmission is at best uncertain. Heredity may be 
depended on to govern the general characteristics which determine 
the species and the less general ones which distinguish the breed, 
but when we come to individual characteristics, which have never 
acquired a fixed character in the ancestry, it frequently fails. In 
short, the transmission of the greater share of ail the characteristics 
is a thing of universal occurrence, but their transmission in toto is 
an ideal conception that is never realized; and only in proportion as 
the ancestry has assumed a fixed and unvarying type do we find 
this ideal of the effect of heredity approximated. 

That peculiarity called atavism, or reversion, so often noticed in 
our domesticated animals, and which has so frequently set at naught 
the calculations of the breeder, has often been quoted as an illus- 
tration of the failure of the law of heredity; but it is in fact only 
a tribute to its power. By selection, change of climate or nutrition, 



30 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

or by crossing, or by all of these means combined, we may succeed 
in obliterating certain well-defined characteristics, and in modifying 
a given type, until the new form or character that we have created 
will, in its turn, be transmitted with reasonable certainty; but sud- 
denly the germ that has lain dormant for so many generations 
asserts itself, and, greatly to our surprise, the characteristics of the 
original stock reappear. As I have before remarked, these cases 
of reversion most frequently occur when cross-breeding is resorted 
to. The counter currents of hereditary influence, which are by this 
means brought into contact, having a common origin, appear to 
awaken into being the germ which has for generations been a silent 
factor in each of the newly-created breeds, and enables it to again 
assume control of the organism. 

In addition to the general and well-defined operation of the laws 
of heredity to which I have alluded, its operations in the transmis- 
sion of individual characteristics, although not clearly defined, and 
never to be depended upon, are often wonderful. The son is fre- 
quently, in some respects, the exact duplicate of the father, and the 
daughter of the mother. Sometimes a peculiarity which belonged 
to the grandsire lies dormant in the son, but crops out as strong 
as ever in the second or third generation. Again, we find peculiari- 
ties transmitted from father to daughter, and from mother to son, 
and even special sexual characteristics transmitted by the father 
through a daughter to a grandson, or by the mother through a 
son to a granddaughter; but it is worthy of remark that in no case 
are all the peculiarities of any one individual transmitted. Indeed, 
it would be strange were it otherwise, because each individual is 
the joint product of two other individuals, each endowed with 



THE BREEDS OF LTVE STOCK. 31 

peculiarities of its own; and that each should transmit itself as an 
entirety is absolutely impossible. Rarely do we rind in the indi- 
vidual so produced a blending of these peculiarities in exact propor- 
tion — as one might theoretically argue would be the result were 
the parents of equally well-established types — but rather that in 
some respects the offspring resembles the father, in others the 
mother, in some forming a partial or exact mean between the two; 
and in still others we rind the produce apparently unlike either, but 
possessing an individuality or character peculiarly its own. I might 
illustrate this by instances from the experience of many breeders, 
but it is not necessary. The effect has been observed by all who 
have given any attention whatever to the subject of breeding. 

THE FORMATION OF BREEDS. 

I have spoken of the uniformity which characterizes animals of 
a given species in a state of nature, and of the various causes 
that serve to disturb this uniformity in our domesticated animals 
when subjected to changed conditions of climate or nutrition. I 
have also treated of the effect of heredity, which makes of the 
offspring the sum or essence of the qualities that existed in its 
progenitors, and of the opposing law of evolution or spontaneity 
which tends to give to each animal a character of its own. I now 
propose to consider how these known laws and forces may be util- 
ized in the formation of breeds; and, at the threshold of this division 
of my subject, it is necessary that we should understand what is 
meant by the terms used. 

The animal kingdom is divided by naturalists into four great 
branches — Radiata, Mollusca, Articulate?, and Vertebrata. These 



32 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

branches are a°-ain divided into classes. The Vertebrata, to which 
branch all our domesticated animals belong, are divided into eight 
classes the last of which are the Mammalia, embracing all animals 
that give suck to their young. These classes are divided into 
o-enera and these again into species. For example: we have the 
o-enus Equus, of which the horse, the ass, the zebra, and the quagga 
are species; and these different species are again divided, with ref- 
erence to certain peculiarities, into breeds. A breed, therefore, is a 
classification by which we distinguish a group of animals possessing 
qualities which are not common to all animals of the same species, 
and which peculiarities have become so firmly established that they 
are uniformly transmitted by heredity. Thus, we have the Shetland 
ponies, a breed of horses possessing all the general characteristics of 
the species to which they belong, but especially distinguished from 
other breeds by their size and form; and the Devoirs, a breed of 
cattle uniformly of a deep red color, and possessing other distinc- 
tive features that are not characteristic of any other breed of 

cattle. 

It will be observed that these divisions, from first to last, are 
more or less arbitrary; and, as it is impossible to define exactly the 
point where the mineral kingdom leaves off and the vegetable 
kino-dom begins, or to distinguish positively the line of demarcation 
between vegetable and animal life, so throughout the entire animal 
kingdom the various divisions or classes approach each other by 
almost imperceptible gradations, until in many cases it is impossible 
to locate the dividing line. This is especially true of breeds. We 
may assume any standard that our fancy may dictate, as the color 
or texture of the hair; the shape or size of any particular part of 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 



33 



the body, as the head or the ear; any particular function, as the 
quantity or quality of the milk in cattle; peculiarities of locomotion, 
as the trot or pace in the horse; of habit or instinct, as exemplified 
in the Setter or in the Shepherd dog, etc.; and classifying with 
reference to the possession of any of these assumed peculiarities we 
may divide a species into breeds. Theoretically there is no limit to 
the extent to which this division into breeds might be carried; but 
practically it is confined to marked differences in appearance, func- 
tion, use, disposition, or quality. And whenever we have, by any 
means, produced a group or family of animals that possess and 
transmit uniformity in any particular, in which there is a lack of 
uniformity in the species to which they belong, they are fairly entitled 
to be classed as a breed. 

Taking advantage of the almost numberless shades of divergence 
from the original type to be found among the different species of 
domesticated animals, the laws of heredity and spontaneity enable 
man to work wonderful transformations and improvements by select- 
ing such individuals as most nearly approximate to his ideal and 
which manifest a tendency to assume the desired form. By coupling 
such individuals there is a probability that the quality for which 
they were selected will be reproduced in the offspring, and that it 
will be even more prominent than in the parents. I say there is a 
probability that this will be the result, but it is by no means certain, 
for it must be borne in mind that only the general and firmly-fixed 
characteristics which distinguish the species are transmitted with 
absolute certainty, and the transmission of accidental qualities or 
especial excellence in any given particular, while always possible, 
can never be depended upon with certainty. If, however, we select 

5 



34 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

parents both distinguished for the same accidental variation or acci- 
dental excellence the chances that it will be transmitted to the off- 
spring are, theoretically, twice as great as when only one of the 
parents is in possession of the desired quality; and if in the produce 
from this coupling we see manifestations of the desired tendency we 
may unite animals so bred with an increased probability that they, 
in turn, will transmit it to their offspring. It -is mainly by this 
process of careful selection and coupling, with a view to the posses- 
sion of certain desirable qualities, persevered in for many generations, 
that all noted breeders have succeeded in moulding the forms or 
establishing the breeds that have given them celebrity. 

It must be borne in mind that the very processes of Nature 
which make it possible for man to effect improvement in any spe- 
cies of domesticated animals conspire to make the work of creat- 
ing a new type from heterogeneous materials extremely difficult. 
In making selections with a view to perpetuating any variation from 
an established type we must always begin with such individuals as 
have manifested a tendency to assume the desired form and trans- 
mit it to their offspring. With a mixed and heterogeneous ancestry, 
representing various shades of divergence from the original type of 
the species, progress in any given direction by selection will, under 
the most favorable circumstances, be slow, and the results will fre- 
quently be anything but satisfactory. There is always a tendency 
in the offspring of a mixed or improved race to revert to the 
original form of the species from which it is derived. This I have 
shown is most apparent where animals of a widely different char- 
acter are coupled, as in the case of cross-breeding with distinct 
varieties or breeds, which, although not without its compensating 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 35 

advantages in many cases, introduces new elements of divergence. 
Hence the breeder will often rind failure where he most expected 
success. The force of heredity is usually exerted to compel the 
progeny to adhere to the character which has become fixed in the 
species, rather than to follow variation from the established type 
that was accidental or spontaneous in the immediate ancestry; but 
when, through selection of both parents with reference to this par- 
ticular for several generations, the influence of heredity has once 
been enlisted in the transmission of an accidental variation it lends 
its powerful aid in favor of the perpetuation of the improved form. 
Spontaneity may occasionally interpose a new feature or atavism turn 
us back toward the original, but by continuing to select from the 
families which have been bred with reference to the desired form 
we shall eventually succeed in fixing the new type so firmly that 
its transmission will be the rule and failure the exception; and when 
this point has been reached we have succeeded in forming what may 
justly be called a breed. 

TERMS USED BY BREEDERS OF LIVE STOCK. 

The term thoroughbred is often applied in this country to ani- 
mals belonging to any of the distinct breeds, but in Great Britain 
it is seldom so applied. There it is used only as the name of a 
particular breed of horses — the race horse or blood horse — and the 
usage among intelligent horse-breeders in this country is the same 
as that prevailing in England, no horse being spoken of as a thor- 
oughbred unless he belongs to the breed especially designated by 
that name. American cattle-breeders, however, frequently speak of 
thoroughbred Short-horns, thoroughbred Devons, thoroughbred Here- 



36 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

fords, etc.; and the same usage obtains to a considerable degree 
among the breeders of sheep and swine in this country. The terms 
thoroughbred, full-blood, and purely bred, as generally used by 
American breeders of cattle, sheep, and swine, are practically synon- 
ymous, although some writers and some local agricultural societies 
have dogmatically attempted to make a distinction in their use; but, 
as commonly understood in this country, when an animal is said to 
be a thoroughbred, or a full-blood, or as purely bred, the meaning 
is that the animal spoken of is recognized as belonging to some 
one of the distinct breeds, and entitled to registry as such in the 
herd or stud book of that breed. Animals belonging to none of the 
recognized or established breeds are usually referred to as common 
stock, and the produce, when one parent belongs to an established 
breed and the other is of common stock or of unknown breeding, 
is called a grade, or half-blood. The produce of a purely-bred ani- 
mal and a half-blood is also called a grade, and this process of 
grading up may be carried on indefinitely until the number of 
crosses of pure-blood is sufficient to entitle the animal to registry 
in the stud or herd book of the given breed; although with some 
of the herd books no number of pure crosses will entitle the prod- 
uce to registration. An animal with one or more crosses of pure 
Hereford, or Jersey, or Devon blood upon an unknown ancestry, is 
spoken of as a grade Hereford, grade Jersey, grade Devon, etc. ; 
and when the number of pure crosses is considerable the animal is 
called a high grade Hereford, Jersey, or Devon, as the case ma} T 
be. The produce of a sire and dam of different breeds is said to 
be cross-bred; and this term is frequently applied to the produce of 
a purely-bred animal of one breed and a high grade of another. 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 37 

IN-BREEDING AND CROSSING. 

It has been claimed by many that success in establishing desired 
forms or qualities may be obtained with the greatest certainty, and in 
the least possible time, when selection is confined to the same fam- 
ily. Thus, we find a certain male that manifests an unusual degree 
of excellence in some particular, and which, it has been found, he 
usually transmits to his offspring. We select a female manifesting 
the same tendency, and the two are coupled. Possibly the offspring 
may not show a trace of the unusual excellence we have sought 
to perpetuate. We reject this, and couple the same sire and clam 
a second time, and perhaps we are rewarded by offspring possess- 
ing the desired quality. This produce, if a female, when of proper 
age is coupled with her own sire, and this produce again, if a 
female, is bred to the same male, that was her sire as well as her 
grandsire. This process is sometimes resorted to for three or four 
successive generations, with a view to intensifying or perpetuating 
a quality for which the sire is especially noted, and which it is 
found he transmits with certainty; for it is a well-known, although 
inexplicable fact, that of two animals bred precisely alike, and 
manifesting the same spontaneous variation, one will transmit the 
peculiarity with considerable certainty, while not a trace of it will 
appear in the produce of the other. The same course of breeding 
is often resorted to by coupling the son with his own dam, and 
then, if the produce be a female, using upon her the same male, that 
is both brother and sire. This process of coupling near relatives, 
which is known as breeding in-and-in, is unquestionably very effect- 
ual, and is frequently the only available source from which breed- 



38 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

ing stock can be obtained that possess and transmit the desired 
quality. But there is always clanger that such a course of breeding 
will result in a loss of constitutional vigor and fertility in the prod- 
uce, and it should be practiced with great caution. As soon as 
any constitutional defect or weakness is noticed as the result of 
breeding in-and-in an infusion of fresh blood must be obtained by 
resorting to a male or female not closely related, but possessing as 
nearly as may be the desired quality. It should be borne in mind 
that defects are quite as liable to be transmitted as good qualities, 
and while we are fixing a type of superior excellence in one par- 
ticular we should be careful that we are not, with equal certainty, 
perpetuating a serious defect. 

It is believed by many that breeding in-and-in has a refining 
tendency — that its effect is in the direction of fineness of texture, 
lightness of bone, smoothness, evenness and polish, at the expense 
of robustness, strength, vigor, and power; hence, it is one of the 
most potent of agents in the production of dwarf breeds, and the 
main reliance of breeders of Bantam fowls and other diminutive 
races. It is certainly a powerful and invaluable agent in the hands 
of an intelligent person in the formation or modification of a breed, 
but can never be successfully followed by general farmers, who must 
produce hard)-, prolific, and vigorous animals. 

The great number of intermarriages which took place in the 
royal family of Egypt during the reign of the Ptoleirrys has occa- 
sionally been referred to by the advocates of close in-breeding; 
and the magnificent personal appearance of these rulers, their close 
resemblance in form and feature, and especially the widely-famed 
beauty of countenance and form, as well as the mental vigor dis- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 39 

played by Cleopatra, the last of the line, have often been quoted 
as a strong argument against the theory that breeding in-and-in 
necessarily produces physical deterioration; but a close examination 
of the line of descent leaves the balance of the argument rather on 
the other side. Galton, in his "Hereditary Genius," in speaking of 
this family, says: 

" This race of Ptolemys is at first sight exceedingly interesting, 
on account of the extraordinary number of their close intermarriages. 
They were matched in-and-in like prize cattle; but these near mar- 
riages were unprolitic- — the inheritance mostly passed through other 
wives. Indicating the Ptolemys by numbers, according to the order 
of their succession, II married his niece, and afterward his sister; 
IV his sister; VI and VII were brothers, and they both consecu- 
tively married the same sister — VII also subsequently married his 
niece; VIII married two of his own sisters consecutively; XII and 
XIII were brothers, and both consecutively married their sister, the 
famous Cleopatra. Thus there are no less than nine cases of close 
intermarriages distributed among the thirteen Ptolemys. However, 
when we put them into the form of a genealogical tree we shall 
clearly see that the main line of descent was untouched by these 
intermarriages, except in the two cases of III and VIII. The per- 
sonal beauty and vigor of Cleopatra, the last of the race, cannot 
therefore be justly quoted in disproof of the evil effects of close 
breeding. On the contrary, the result of Ptolemaic experience was 
distinctly to show that intermarriages are followed by sterility." 

Galton then proceeds to show that nearly all of these incestuous 
marriages were unfruitful, the only exceptions being that of Ptolemy 
II with his niece, from which was produced Ptolemy III, and Ptolemy 



4° 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 



VII with his niece, the produce being Ptolemy VIII, the grandfather 
of Cleopatra, the descent in all other cases passing through wives 
that were not nearly related to this family. — ("Hereditary Genius, 11 
by Francis Galton, p. 152.) 

The testimony of experienced naturalists and of intelligent and 
careful observers among practical breeders is uniformly in favor of 
the proposition that a cross in the blood gives increased size and 
vigor to the produce. It is an equally well established fact that 
cross-breeding, or the pairing of animals of distinct varieties, usually 
results in increased fertility; but it is rather singular that, while this 
result usually attends the pairing of distinct varieties of the same 
species, yet if cross-breeding be carried so far as to unite distinct 
species, although increased size and vigor are still attained, fertility 
is almost entirely lost. A familiar illustration is seen in the prod- 
uce of the horse and the ass. The mule, resulting from such a union, 
is often larger than either parent, and is noted for his hardiness 
and powers of endurance, but the power of reproduction is totally 
wanting. The same is true of most other hybrids. It is a singular 
fact that a loss of fertility is also one among the very first bad 
results manifested from long-continued breeding in-and-in — -which is 
the converse or opposite of violent out-crossing; and yet all experience 
proves this to be true. 

The space that can be devoted to a discussion of this branch 
of the subject will not admit of an elaborate investigation of the 
principles of genesis by which this apparent contradiction is explained. 
The majority of my readers are more concerned with facts and 
results than with theories and philosophical abstractions. But, at 
the risk of giving more of theory than will be relished, I will ven- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 41 

ture to state that, in order to produce a sexual union which shall 
be fruitful, and call into life a new organism, according to the opinion 
of most scientists, it is essential that the sperm-cell and the germ- 
cell, which, united, form the source of life to the new being, shall 
each proceed from a different organism; and that breeding in-and-in, 
as usually practiced — being the selection of individuals of as nearly 
as may be a similar organization, with the avowed purpose of creat- 
ing uniformity of character — will, in the course of time if not coun- 
teracted by opposing influences, produce such a unity of organism 
in the members of a given family as will result in a loss of that 
differentiation which appears to be necessary to insure the fusion o£ 
the sperm-cell of the one with the germ-cell of the other. 

In commenting upon this aspect of genesis, Herbert Spencer says: 
" Remembering the fact that among the higher classes of organ- 
isms fertilization is always effected by combining the sperm-cell of 
one individual with the germ-cell of another, and joining with it the 
fact that among hermaphrodite organisms the germ-cells developed 
in any individual are usually not fertilized by sperm-cells developed 
in the same individual, we see reason for thinking that the essential 
thing in fertilization is the union of specially fitted portions of dif- 
ferent organisms. If fertilization depended on the peculiar properties 
of sperm-cell and germ-cell, as such, then in hermaphrodite organ- 
isms it would be a matter of indifference whether the united sperm- 
cells and germ-cells were those of the same individual or those of 
different individuals. But the circumstance that there exist in such 
organisms elaborate appliances for mutual fertilization shows that 
unlikeness of derivation in the united reproductive centers is the 
desideratum." — ("Principles of Biology, 1 ' Vol. I, p. 279.) 

6 



4 2 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

After explaining at some length the apparent contradiction of 
this theory which is found in plants that are self-fertilizing, Mr. 
Spencer further remarks: 

"There is reason to believe that self-fertilization, which at the 
best is comparatively inefficient, loses all efficiency in course of time. 
After giving an account of the provisions for an occasional, or a fre- 
quent, or a constant crossing between flowers, and after quoting Prof. 
Huxley to the effect that among hermaphrodite animals there is no 
case in which 'the occasional influence of a distinct individual can 
be shown to be physically impossible,' Mr. Darwin writes: 'From 
these several considerations, and from the many special facts which 
I have collected, but which I am not here able to give, I am 
strongly inclined to suspect that, both in the vegetable and animal 
kingdoms, an occasional intercross with a distinct individual is a law 
of Nature. * * * In none, as I suspect, can self-fertilization go 
on for perpetuity.' This conclusion, based wholly on observed facts, 
is just the conclusion to which the foregoing argument points. * 
* * If, then, in a self -fertilizing organism, and its self -fertilizing 
descendants, such contrasts as originally existed among the physio- 
logical units are progressively obliterated — if, consequently, there can 
no longer be a segregation of different physiological units in differ- 
ent sperm-cells and germ-cells, self-fertilization will become impossi- 
ble; step by step the fertility will diminish, and the series will finally 
die out."— ("Principles of Biology," Vol. I, pp. 281, 282.) 

A similar view of this subject is presented by Mr. Darwin in a 
letter published in the London Agricultural Gazette of May, 1878, 
from which I extract the following: 

"I will venture to add a few remarks on the general question 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 43 

of close interbreeding. Sexual reproduction is so essentially the 
same in plants and animals that I think we may fairly apply con- 
clusions drawn from the one kingdom to the other. From a long 
series of experiments on plants, given in my book ' On the Effects 
of Cross and Self-Fertilization, 1 the conclusion seems clear that there 
is no mysterious evil in the mere fact of the nearest relations breed- 
ing together; but that evil follows (independently of inherited dis- 
ease or weakness) from the circumstance of near relations generally 
possessing a closely similar constitution. However little we may be 
able to explain the cause, the facts detailed by me show that the 
male and female sexual elements must be differentiated to a certain 
degree in order to unite properly and to give birth to a vigorous 
progeny. Such differentiation of the sexual elements follows from 
the parents and their ancestors having lived during some genera- 
tions under different conditions of life. 

" The closest interbreeding does not seem to induce variability, 
or a departure from the typical form of the race or family, but it 
causes loss of size, of constitutional vigor in resisting unfavorable 
influences, and often of fertility. On the other hand, a cross be- 
tween plants of the same sub-variety, which have been grown during 
some generations under different conditions, increases to an extra- 
ordinary degree the size and vigor of the offspring. 

u Some kinds of plants bear self-fertilization much better than 
others; nevertheless it has been proved that these profit greatly by 
a cross with a fresh stock. So it appears to be with animals, for 
Short-horn cattle — perhaps all cattle — can withstand close inter- 
breeding with very little injury; but if they could be crossed with 
a distinct stock without any loss of their excellent qualities, it would 



44 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

be a most surprising fact if the offspring did not also profit in a 
very high degree in constitutional vigor. If, therefore, any one 
chose to risk breeding from an animal which suffered from some 
inheritable disease or weakness, he would act wisely to look out not 
merely for a perfectly sound animal of the other sex, but for one 
belonging to another strain, which had been bred during several 
generations at a distant place, under as different conditions, as to 
soil, climate, etc., as possible, for in this case he might hope that 
the offspring, by having gained in constitutional vigor, would be 
enabled to throw off the taint in their blood." 

The view of the case presented by Darwin and Herbert Spencer 
in the foregoing extracts affords an explanation of many apparent 
contradictions which result from breeding in-and-in. The farmer 
who -permits his stock to pair miscellaneously, without infusing fresh 
blood for man) 7 'generations — ■ as is the case with some — must neces- 
sarily practice breeding in-and-in; but, as in such cases the stock is 
almost invariably, at the beginning, of a heterogeneous character, it 
will require a much greater period of time before breeding in-and- 
in shall have produced a sufficient degree of unity of organism to 
interfere with fertility or to cause a loss of vitality than in cases 
where the stock, to begin with, is of a uniform type or "purely 
bred." In such cases, also, there is no effort on the part of the 
farmer to produce uniformity by selection of individuals for coupling. 
If there be any selection at all the standard by which it is made is 
a capricious one, changing from year to year; and it is a well-known 
fact that in such hands uniformity of type is never reached, neither 
have any bad effects usually been observed from in-breeding under 
such circumstances. 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 45 

If the theory above advanced be correct no bad effects will nec- 
essarily result from breeding in-and-in until uniformity of type, which 
implies unity of organism, is attained; and this, as we have seen 
when breeding from a mixed stock, is a very slow process. 

Upon this aspect of the case Herbert Spencer remarks: 

"Relations must, on the average of cases, be individuals whose 
physiological units are more nearly alike than usual. Animals of 
different varieties must be those whose physiological units are more 
unlike than usual. In the one case the unlikeness of the units may 
frequently be insufficient to produce fertilization; or if sufficient to 
produce fertilization not sufficient to produce that active molecular 
change required for vigorous development. In the other case both 
fertilization and vigorous development will be made probable. 

"Nor are we without a cause for the irregular manifestation of 
these general tendencies. The mixed physiological units composing 
any organism being, as we have seen, more or less segregated in 
the reproductive centers it throws off, there may arise various re- 
sults, according to the degrees of difference among the units and 
the degrees in which the units are segregated. Of two cousins who 
have married the common grandparents may have had either similar 
or dissimilar constitutions; and if their constitutions were dissimilar 
the probability that their married grandchildren will have offspring 
will be greater than if their constitutions were similar. Or the 
brothers and sisters from whom these cousins descended, instead of 
severally inheriting the constitutions of their parents in tolerably 
equal degrees, may have severally inherited them in very different 
degrees; in which last case intermarriages among the grandchildren 
will be less likely to prove infertile. Or the brothers and sisters 



46 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

from whom these cousins descended may severally have married 
persons very like or very unlike themselves, and from this cause 
there may have resulted either an undue likeness or a due unlike- 
ness between the married cousins. These several causes, conspiring 
and conflicting in endless ways and degrees, will work multiform 
effects. * * * Hence it may happen that among offspring of 
nearly-related parents there may be some in which the want of vigor 
is not marked, and others in which there is decided want of vigor. 
So that we are alike shown why in-and-in breeding tends to dimin- 
ish both fertility and vigor, and why the effect cannot be a uniform 
effect, but only an average effect." — ("Principles of Biology," Vol. 
I, pp. 283, 284.) 

It follows, then, as a practical deduction from the foregoing, that 
the more purely bred and uniform in type our stock becomes the 
greater is the danger from breeding in-and-in. That while, as before 
remarked, it is a powerful agent in the hands of a skillful and intel 
ligent person in the formation of a breed, it must be used with the 
greatest of caution with animals of a uniform type, and that with 
miscellaneously-bred stock its evil effects are comparatively slow in 
showing themselves. 

Many who have given the subject of breeding as a science only 
a casual investigation — who have studied only the methods of a 
Bakewell, a Colling, a Booth, or a Bates, without taking into account 
the circumstances under which these methods ivere practiced — have 
hastily adopted the conclusion that what was successful in such 
hands as theirs must still be correct in practice; that because Bake- 
well and Colling bred in-and-in to fix a desired type, and by con- 
tinuing that process for a time succeeded in effecting substantial 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 47 

improvement in their cattle and sheep, it must necessarily follow 
that the surest method of preserving the excellence attained by them 
is to continue in precisely the same road. Or, to put it rather more 
mildly, because in the formation of a bi'eed these men experienced 
little if any damage from the practice of breeding in-and-in to the 
extent to which they carried it, modern breeders of pedigreed stock 
can continue to breed in-and-in with impunity! 

There is no one point upon which practical breeders, as well 
as scientists, are more perfectly agreed than that the ultimate tend- 
ency of breeding in-and-in is injurious — that when carried to excess 
it will always result in a loss of constitutional vigor in the produce; 
that while its tendency may be in the direction of fineness of text- 
ure, lightness of bone, smoothness, evenness and polish, it is invariably 
at the expense of robustness, strength, vigor, and power. On the 
other hand, scientists as well as practical breeders, with perhaps 
equal unanimity, concur in the belief that a cross in the blood 
usually gives increased size and vigor to the produce, and that 
cross-breeding, or the pairing of animals of distinct varieties, usually 
results in increased fertility. 

The belief has largely obtained among practical farmers and 
feeders that all purely-bred races or breeds are lacking in hardiness 
and stamina; and that when breeding for the dairy, the shambles, 
or for practical use on the farm, the greatest measure of success is 
attained through the medium of cross-breeding. The first of these 
assumptions is not necessarily true. When the breeding and man- 
agement of purely-bred races have been in accordance with Nature's 
laws there is no foundation for the assertion that they are deficient 
in hardiness; and the wide-spread belief to the contrary has resulted 



48 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

mainly from the bad effects which inevitably follow long-continued 
incestuous or in-and-in breeding. That with certain kinds of purely- 
bred stock this course of breeding has been so extensively practiced 
as to very greatly impair the vitality of the animals so bred no 
intelligent, careful observer will deny; while in others, where selec- 
tion has constantly been made with reference to hardiness, strength 
and endurance — where close in-breeding has been avoided, and where 
there has been no unnatural forcing and pampering, the pure races 
or breeds have no peers in these valuable qualities. The lack of 
hardiness complained of in purely-bred stock is an accident, due to 
a peculiar course of breeding or treatment, not justly chargeable to 
the simple fact that the animal is a purely-bred one, and not neces- 
sarily following the course of breeding essential to the creation of 
pedigreed stock. The thoroughbred race horse, or " blood horse,' 
as he is often called, the purest and best established of all our 
breeds of domesticated animals, is a pointed illustration of this fact, 
and the reason is obvious. With the breeder of the race horse 
vitality has always been a paramount consideration, as upon this 
depends the ability of the horse to last in a long and closely-con- 
tested race; hence a course of breeding that has a tendency to im- 
pair the vital forces has never found favor with breeders of these 
horses. None of the practices that have combined to impair the 
strength and vigor of purely-bred cattle, sheep, or swine, have been 
resorted to by them. In-breeding and pampering have both been 
frowned upon. Selection of the stoutest and best specimens of the 
breed has been the touchstone of their success. Once in and twice 
out has been as near an approach to in-breeding as has ever found 
favor here; hence we find the thoroughbred horse of today the 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 49 

superior of all the other representatives of the equine race in speed 
and endurance. 

It appears evident that if the laws of heredity are as I have 
here stated — that is: that the tendency of in-breeding with estab- 
lished races or breeds is to weaken the vital forces, and that cross- 
breeding gives increased vigor and vitality — we have in this fact a 
lucid explanation of why the general farmer rinds it most profitable 
to raise grade or cross-bred stock for the dairy or for feeding pur- 
poses. The purely-bred races or breeds, as a rule, have been per- 
fected to a wonderful degree in certain qualities; and when the 
general farmer, desiring to improve his flocks and herds in any of 
these particulars, procures a purely-bred male to use as a sire, even 
though such animal may be suffering from some of the bad effects 
of in-breeding himself, the excellence that characterizes the breed 
to which he belongs, reinforced and reinvigorated by contact with 
the current of fresh blood that he meets in the farmer's mixed 
stock, gives the produce a greatly increased value for everything 
except the purposes of reproduction. All intelligent breeders agree 
in condemning close in-breeding; but they are not agreed as to what 
constitutes close in-breeding. May we not, upon the theory herein 
advanced, base a rule which will safely govern our practice? With 
purely-bred stock, or well-established breeds, keep as far from in- 
breeding as is compatible with uniformity of type and purity of 
blood. In the formation of a breed from heterogeneous materials 
use it as the most potent of all agents, without fear of bad results, 
provided the parents are healthy, vigorous, and well formed, until 
a considerable degree of uniformity has been reached; bearing in 

mind the cardinal fact that in proportion as unity of form and 
7 



5 o THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 

organism is attained, constitutional vigor and fertility is endangered 
by such a course of breeding. May we not, also, find in this theory 
an explanation of the well-known fact that in-bred animals which, 
when coupled with each other are barren, frequently prove fruitful 
when united with individuals not related or of a different breed? 

THE VALUE OF PEDIGREE. 

A pedigree is the genealogy of an animal. As usually under- 
stood, it consists of the names of the ancestors for a greater or less 
number of generations. Its value consists not so much in the num- 
ber of generations through which the ancestry can be traced to 
some distinguished progenitor as in the quality or character of the 
ancestry; and in proportion as we approach the "top" of a pedigree 
— that is, the immedidate progenitors of a given animal — the more 
important does the character of the ancestry become. 

As has been clearly shown in the preceding pages, it is a well- 
settled fact in breeding that, as a rule, the longer the line of descent 
in unbroken succession through ancestors uniformly distinguished for 
unusual excellence the greater is the probability that that peculiar 
excellence will be transmitted. Hence, it is evident that the true 
test of the value of a pedigree is not so much in its length as in 
the merits of the individuals that compose it. Four or five "top 
crosses " with animals of rare individual merit make a pedigree of 
much greater value to the practical breeder than ten, twenty or as 
many more as you like of animals of no special excellence. The 
farther back this genealogy of good animals extends, and the more 
uniform the quality of the ancestry, the better; but the more im- 
mediate the ancestry in any given case the more important does its 



TJ/3 breeds of live stock. 51 

quality become. Each immediate parent contributes one-half of the 
blood or pedigree-inheritance of the individual, while each great- 
grandam or sire . contributes one-eighth only ; and the farther the 
removal the more unimportant does any given factor or cross be- 
come for good or evil in a pedigree. However desirable it may be 
to have a record connecting our horses with Flying Childers, Eclipse 
or Messenger, and our cattle with Hubback or Favorite, at a dis- 
tance of ten to twenty generations, it is manifestly of far greater 
importance to know that our own cattle and horses are good, and 
that their ancestors for the last four or five orenerations were of 
surpassing excellence. If our own animals are good, and the top 
crosses have been uniformly of the same character, we may reason- 
ably expect the progeny to be satisfactory; while, on the contrary, 
if we have no special merit in the sire and dam, or their immediate 
ancestors, we may show as many lines as we like to some great 
ancestor ten or fifteen generations removed, but it will not wipe 
out the stain of the defective recent crosses. 

No pedigree can be a good one that does not usually produce 
good animals; no pedigree should be prized above other pedigrees 
unless it usually produces better animals. If, tried by this test, any 
pedigree fails, no matter how much it may have been idolized, its 
value is fictitious and its effect is hurtful rather than beneficial. 
The only true aristocracy of blood is one that brings superior merit; 
without this it is a delusion and a snare. No matter what it may 
have been eight or ten generations ago, if from a wrong system of 
breeding, if from a lack of care in selection, if from incestuous breed- 
ing, or from any other cause, any particular strain has ceased to be 
uniformly superior, in itself, it has lost its patent of nobility. Let 



52 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

all young breeders, and old ones too, for that matter, try "pedigrees," 
and ''families," and "strains" by this test, without being dazed by 
some imaginary halo that attaches to a name handed down from 
the misty traditions of the past, and it will be the better for them, 
no matter what particular line of breeding they may be engaged in. 

RELATIVE SIZE OF SIRE AND DAM. 

The relative size of sire and dam is a subject upon which much 
has been written, and upon which I am satisfied there has been 
much wrong teaching. It is true that nearly all writers upon the 
subject have laid clown the rule that, in coupling, the male should 
be smaller than the female; but it is also true that very many per- 
sons write dogmatically upon subjects concerning which they know 
but little; and it is further true that writers upon heredity, for years 
and years past, have done but little more than to repeat each other, 
accepting what has been said by others as true without question, 
not knowing or caring to know anything about the facts in the 
case. I imbibed the doctrine that the male should be smaller than 
the female from my early reading upon the subject rather than 
from my own observation, and began writing from this standpoint; 
but very early in my career as a writer upon stock-breeding my 
esteemed friend Judge T. C. Jones, of Ohio, from whom I have 
taken many valuable lessons, called my attention to the manifest 
unsoundness of this theory, and said that he was fully convinced 
that the teaching of the books upon this point was all wrong, and 
that, while he did not advocate great disparity in the size of par- 
ents, he was satisfied that when there was a difference it should 
be the reverse of what the books taught — that the male should, as 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 53 

a rule, be larger than the female. It was a startling proposition 
to me, but it set me to thinking and watching the subject closely; 
and now, looking back over more than thirty years of experience, 
I say emphatically that Nature's plan, as exemplified in all mam- 
malia, is that the male parent shall be the larger of the two. In 
all animals, from the horse down to the pig, wild as well as tame, 
the male, as a rule, is larger than the female of the same breed. 
No observant man can have failed to notice this. What pure breed 
or race of animals, in any country, can be named as an exception 
to this rule? And is not this also true of the human race? How 
many of my readers are there who can call to mind numerous 
instances of handsome, well-formed and robust children the offspring 
of a large father and a small mother! The same result has been 
observed in hundreds of cases where large draft horses have been 
coupled with small or medium-sized mares. In fact it is the almost 
universal testimony of those who have watched closely the result of 
the cross of the imported draft stallions brought to this country 
from France and Great Britain, that the very best results have 
been obtained, not from large, and loosely-made mares, as theorists 
would have us suppose would be the case, but from those of medium 
size, compactly made and highly bred. 

The excellent results obtained by crossing bulls of the large 
breeds upon our small, native cows — also the health, vigor and fine 
form of the lambs got by large Cotswold rams out of small ewes 
of the Merino breed — all go to prove that this supposed law of 
Nature is no law at all. In fact, if we study Nature we shall be 
compelled to admit that her law is just the reverse of what has 
been claimed ; for, with scarcely an exception, through all the stages 



54 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

of animal life, the males of any given species, race or breed are 
laro-er than the females. It is, therefore, safe to assume that the 
results are more likely to be satisfactory where large males and 
small females are coupled for breeding purposes than where the 
reverse is the method practiced. 

I would not recommend, neither does it follow as a legitimate 
deduction from this general law, that great extremes of size should 
be coupled. In fact, Nature has herself interposed many obstacles 
to prevent such a course of breeding. 

There is not, as has often been alleged, any increased danger 
in parturition from the use of sires larger than the clams. It is the 
dam that determines the size and growth of the foetus, and not the 
sire. Wrong presentations, faulty construction of some parts of the 
organs of generation or of the pelvic bones of the female, an ema- 
ciated or too plethoric condition of the dam at the time of partu- 
rition, an unnatural or deformed foetus, are the usual causes of 
difficult parturition, and these conditions are brought about inde- 
pendent of the relative size of sire and dam. 

It goes for nothing to say that improvement in any breed has 
resulted from the use of males of a smaller breed upon females of 
a larger. If one desires to bring about improvement in any direc- 
tion he must select with a view to that quality, independent of 
other considerations. Were I desirous of improving the butter- 
producing quality of the Holstein cow I should use a Jersey bull, 
notwithstanding the male might be smaller than the female. I would 
couple large, coarse-wooled ewes with a Merino ram if I desired to 
increase the density of the fleece; and I would breed large draft 
mares to thoroughbred or trotting sires if I desired to procure tine 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 55 

style, better action and greater powers of endurance. But all of 
this is independent of, and does not conflict with, the general law 
of relative size, and does not disprove the proposition — that it. is 
Nature's plan that the male should be the larger of the two parents. 

INFLUENCE OF FIRST IMPREGNATION. 

One of the most interesting as well as one of the most stoutly- 
disputed questions connected with the business of stock-breeding is 
this: Does the first impregnation of a female have any influence 
over the character of the produce from subsequent impregnations? 
Experienced practical breeders have been arrayed on opposing sides 
in discussing this question, and each has been ready to maintain his 
position by illustrations from his own observation. Prof. James Law, 
of Cornell University, who is one of the most learned and eminent 
of living veterinarians,, and whose reputation as a patient, conscien- 
tious, painstaking investigator of problems of this nature is second 
to that of no man in the world, was requested by me some years 
ago to prepare an exhaustive article upon this subject. He com- 
plied with this request, and the article, which was published at the 
time in a monthly journal which was then under my charge, I 
herewith reproduce as the most thorough treatise upon this inter- 
teresting subject I have yet seen: 

" Physiologists and breeders have long noticed that the influence 
of the sire is not always confined to his immediate offspring, but 
that the subsequent progeny of the same female by other males often 
reproduce in a remarkable manner the personal traits of the first 
sire and his produce. All quadrupeds show this tendency in a greater 
or less degree. 



5 6 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

>k \Ve find the statement made by the immortal Haller: that where 
a mare had borne a mule by an ass and afterward a foal by a horse, 
the foal exhibited traces of the ass. The same thing has been 
noticed by Becker, Haussman, Low, and others. Lord Moreton bred 
a hybrid between a young chestnut mare (seven-eighths Arabian) 
and a quagga. The hybrid had the bristly mane, striped body 
and large head of its sire. One and two years later this mare was 
covered by a black Arabian horse, and the resulting foals had the 
erect, short, bristly mane, the dun color, and the stripes on neck, 
body and limbs of the quagga. A third foal, produced two years 
later, o- t by the same. Arabian horse, still showed the same marks 
of the quagga. This case is all the more striking that the mane of 
the Arab is especially soft and silky and lies flat on the side of the 
neck, and that the Arabian horse has never been known to show a 
striped marking of the body. A case entirely similar is recorded 
by Harvey. A mare of Sir Gore Ouseley's was bred to a zebra, 
producing a hybrid, and in the two succeeding years was put to two 
thoroughbred horses, but the foals in both cases were striped and 
partook of the character of the zebra. In the Royal Stud at Hamp- 
ton Court a number of mares were bred to the horse Colonel, and 
the following year to the horse Acta:on, but the progeny of the 
last horse bore unequivocal marks of the horse Colonel, the sire of 
their half-brothers and sisters. Again, a colt belonging to Earl of 
Surfield, got by Laurel, strongly resembled the horse Camel by which 
his dam had had a foal the preceding year. 

a McGillivray records the following cases: A polled Angus heifer 
bore her first calf to a Short-horn bull, and was then served by a 
black polled Angus bull; but the calf resulting from the last con- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 57 

nection approached the Short-horn bull in color and shape, and grew 
horns. Another polled Angus cow was served by a cross-bred bull 
(one-fourth polled Angus, three-fourths Short-horn) and bore a cross. 
Next year, though served by a pure black polled Angus bull, the 
result was still a cross, as shown by shape and color. 

"Dr. Wells, of Grenada, put a flock of white ewes to a choco- 
late-colored, hairy ram, and the following year to a white ram of 
their own breed, and yet the lambs got by the last had the fleece 
more or less of a chocolate hue and largely mixed with hair. Mr. 
Shaw, of Leochel Cushnie, Aberdeen, divided his flock of black- 
faced Highland ewes, and had one part served by a Leicester ram 
and the other by a Southdown. The next year he had all served 
by a ram of their own race, but the lambs showed the persistent 
influence of the English rams in their hornless heads and brownish 
faces. Again, in the following year, the}' were served by a pure 
black-faced ram, and there still resulted two hornless lambs, two 
dun-faced, with very small horns, and three white-faced, with horns 
quite rudimentary. 

"Mr. Giles put a black-and-white Essex sow to a wild boar of 
a deep chestnut color, and obtained a crossed litter, with the color 
of the wild boar predominating in several. After the wild boar 
had been some time dead this sow was put to a black-and-white 
boar of her own breed and produced a litter of pigs, some of which 
were distinctly marked with chestnut. x\ second litter, by a boar 
of her own breed, again showed the chestnut markings, which had 
hitherto been unknown in the pure Essex. 

"Amono- doo--fanciers it is a matter of notoriety that an entire 

litter of pure-bred puppies cannot be expected from a thoroughbred 
8 



58 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

bitch which has once been lined by a dog of another breed. This 
was noted by the French poet Jacques Savery as early as the mid- 
dle of the 17th century, and is confirmed by writers on dogs gen- 
erally. I will quote but one example from Harvey: A pure Skye 
terrier, of a dark brown color, with red legs, bore two litters of 
puppies to a mongrel cur, all of which were colored like the sire — 
black, with red legs and white feet. On the third occasion she was 
lined by a pure Skye terrier, of a gray color; and, to avoid acci- 
dents, was locked up with this dog during the whole continuance 
of the heat. The issue was two puppies closely resembling the 
mongrel cur in color, shape, and general appearance. Instances of 
the same kind have fallen under the observation of almost every 
dog-fancier. 

" Many have sought to explain the phenomenon as a simple 
result of the strong impression made upon the mind of the dam by 
the sire of her earlier offspring; and, doubtless, this may sometimes 
co-operate, but is altogether inadequate to account for the frequency 
of the occurrence. The imagination affects the progeny of a very 
limited number of females, whereas the phenomenon we are consid- 
ering — among the domestic quadrupeds — is the rule rather than the 
exception; so that a more satisfactory cause must be sought for. 

" McGillivray advances the theory that the elements from the 
blood of the foetus, absorbed into that of the mother, contaminate 
her blood, and reduce her to a cross, thus rendering her forever 
after incapable of producing a pure-bred offspring. Not that he 
supposes the blood of the foetus, as such, to circulate within the 
veins of the mother, but that fine particles from the blood of the 
offspring pass through the intervening layers of cells, and thus reach 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 59 

the maternal blood and reproduce themselves there. But the whole 
theory is an assumption. We know that the placenta, or after-birth, 
by which the foetus is connected with the mother, serves the pur- 
poses of both stomach and lungs. From the glands in the wall 
of the womb a milk-like liquid is constantly secreted, which, being 
absorbed by the foetal vessels branching in the placenta, is carried 
into the blood of the young animal and serves to nourish it, just as 
the milk from the udder does after birth. Again, from the blood 
of the offspring circulating in the placenta carbonic acid is given 
off and taken into the maternal blood, while oxygen supplied by the 
blood of the clam is taken up by the blood of the foetus. So far 
these membranes fulfill the functions of stomach and lungs to the 
young animal. But we have no proof of living particles from the 
blood of the foetus entering the circulation of the mother, unless we 
accept as such the very phenomenon we are endeavoring to find an 
explanation for; and this would only be admissible if no other or 
more reasonable explanation could be found. 

"A slight modification of McGillivray's theory is that of Darwin, 
advanced in his doctrine of pangenesis. He teaches that through- 
out the blood and system of every animal there are living particles, 
infinitesimally minute, but with certain plastic or formative powers, 
by virtue of which they can build up particular forms or produce 
peculiar characteristics in the animal economy. That such particles 
may remain dormant for months or years, or even for a number of 
successive generations of animals, being, meanwhile, transmitted from 
parent to offspring through the microscopic ovum and spermatozoon, 
and will only be aroused to activity and growth and build up the 
forms and beings, like those from which they were derived, when 



60 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

there occurs a change of circumstances favorable to their develop- 
ment. By this means he explains many cases of apparent ' sports,' 
or variations from the type of the known ancestors; many sudden 
advances in excellence, and retrogressions. 

"As applied to the phenomenon under consideration it is taught 
that these infinitesimal particles (gemmules), passing through the 
membranes from the blood of the foetus into that of the mother, 
circulate with it, affecting the ovarium of the female, so that the 
ovules and offspring subsequently produced by her when impreg- 
nated by other males are plainly affected and hybridized by the first 
male. 

" It will be readily conceded that such particles circulating in 
the blood of the mother will be much less likely to affect her own 
system, already matured, insusceptible and undergoing the changes 
of nutrition only, than the growing elements of the ovum or the 
tissues of the embryo in active process of growth, and with a power 
of development equal in some cases to the reproduction of an organ 
accidentally lost. Much, indeed, might be said in favor of the 
theory; yet, as in its less elaborate form propounded by McGillivray, 
it is founded on^pure assumption and supported by no clear proof. 
The gradual extinction of the influence of the first male in succes- 
sive pregnancies by other males is what would scarcely be expected 
if the blood was charged with gemmules from the first capable of 
reproducing themselves and especially prone to rapid increase and 
development in connection with the development of offspring. x\gain, 
similar elements must be introduced into the maternal blood when 
the vital fluid has been transfused into her veins from those of 
another person or of a beast, and the ovules then in course of devel- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 61 

opment in her ovaries must be 'affected and hybridized' if such 
blood is not exactly identical in composition with her own. But 
though transfusion of blood into the female system is not uncommon, 
and though that blood has been repeatedly taken from a person of 
a widely different race, no complaint has ever been made that the 
children have been thereby affected. 

" A more satisfactory explanation is that advanced by the present 
writer, in a paper read in 1875, before the American Public Health 
Association: 'It is a well-known pathological fact that adjacent 
cells tend to ingraft their plastic or formative powers upon each 
other. I prick my skin with a needle; immediately the injured cells 
and nuclei undergo a rapid increase in size and numbers. But the 
effect does not end there; those adjacent take on a similar action, 
and the extent of the resulting inflammation is only limited by that 
of the injur)' and the susceptibility of the parts. Again, in placing 
a slice of scarf skin in the middle of a raw sore we inoculate the 
cells of the adjoining granulations and empower them to develop 
scarf skin. How, then, can we avoid the conclusion that the im- 
pregnated ovum impresses its own characters on the mass of the 
decidua, and through this on the maternal mucous membrane, and 
that this in its turn impresses its character on the membrane and 
embryo of the next succeeding conception?' 

"It has been opposed to the theory of contamination of the 
mother's blood, that in the case of woman the father of the first 
child rarely affects the appearance of those by other fathers. Mr. 
Allen has known instances in which white women had their first 
children by negroes, and afterward marrying white men had children 
as purely white as those of their neighbors. Instances in which an 



62 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

opposite result has ensued he attributes to the effect of imagination. 
Now, the theory I offer will perfectly explain the infrequency of the 
occurrence in the human subject, as compared with the lower ani- 
mals. In the mare the connection of the after-birth with the womb 
takes place over the entire surface of the latter. The points of 
intimate attachment, therefore, in successive pregnancies, are the 
same. In the cow and ewe the womb is studded with button-like 
processes, to the number of fifty or sixty, containing the uterine 
gland, and forming the points of attachment for the fcetal mem- 
branes in all pregnancies alike. In the sow the foetal membranes 
of each pig are attached to the whole adjacent uterine mucous 
membrane, as in the mare. Lastly, in the bitch each fcetal membrane 
has a broad, circular, villous belt embracing almost its entire sur- 
face, and connecting it with the mucous membrane of the womb. 
In all of these animals the fcetal membranes are connected with the 
same parts of the uterus in each successive pregnancy, so that the 
insrraftins: or inoculation between membranes and womb, and between 
womb and membranes and fcetus, cannot fail to take place. It 
must be borne in mind that these membranes are outgrowths from 
the ovum or embryo, and thus, through the male and female gen- 
erative elements, partake of the nature of both sire and dam. In 
other words, like the young animal, the product of conceptions of 
which they are a dependency, the membranes have been produced 
by the union of the male and female elements; and where they lie 
in direct contact with the womb, separated only by a thin layer of 
cells in part produced by the womb and in part by the membrane, 
an inoculating, ingrafting or modifying action is effected by the one 
on the other. In woman the arrangement of the fcetal membranes 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 63 

is altogether different. Their intimate connection with the walls of 
the womb is confined to one circumscribed portion of the surface of 
each; and as the point of attachment can hardly fail to be different 
in successive pregnancies the chances of a former child influencing 
the characters of the next are correspondingly reduced. Yet it is 
evident that this may occur, and, as a matter of fact, we find cases 
in which the bearing of a mulatto by a white woman has affected 
the appearance of some of her later children by a white man. But 
such a result is very exceptional in the human family, and this is 
precisely what is to be expected if our explanation of its cause is 
the right one. 

"It has been objected that a similar phenomenon has been observed 
in pigeons, and that in them this law of cell-inoculation could not 
take place. But this is, manifestly, a mistake. The eggs of birds 
are impregnated even as high up as the ovary. Says Owen: "In 
coitu spermatozoa enter the cloaca and penetrate the oviduct, ascend- 
ing to the ovarium.' The impregnated egg goes on enlarging by 
subdivision of its cells in the ovary and upper end of the oviduct, 
and, being as yet destitute of shell, its cellular structure is in direct 
contact with the maternal tissues. There is, therefore, a similar 
opportunity for cell-inoculation as in the mammal, although more 
limited in duration. 

"But our manner of viewing this subject is still further sup- 
ported by a series of phenomena observed in hybridized flowers. 
Darwin quotes instances from Wiegmann, Gartner, Berkley, and 
others, to show that where the flowers of the white pea had been 
fertilized by pollen of the blue pea the resulting pods contained a 
mixture of blue and white peas. And this coloration was not con- 



64 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

fined to the cotyledons of the seed (the true embryo), but extended 
to the skin as well. More remarkable still: Mr. Laxton, of Stam- 
ford, 'fertilized the tall sugar pea, which bears very thin, green 
pods, becoming purplish-brown when dry, with pollen of the purple- 
podded pea, which, as its name expresses, has dark, purple pods 
with thick skin, becoming pale, reddish-purple when dry.' 

"Mr. Laxton has 'cultivated the tall sugar pea during twenty 
years, and has never seen or heard of its producing a purple pod; 
nevertheless, a flower fertilized by pollen from the purple pod yielded 
a pod clouded with purplish-red, which Mr. Laxton kindly gave to 
me. A space of about two inches in length, near the extremity of 
the pod, and a smaller space near the stalk were thus colored. 
On comparing the color with that of the purple pod, both pods 
having been first dried and then soaked with water, it was found 
to be identically the same; and in both the color was confined to 
the skin lying immediately beneath the outer skin of the pod.' 

u Some of the peas were also clouded with purple, whereas the 
tall sugar pea is a pale, greenish-brown — never purple. Darwin 
collects a number of other instances in which the fruit or seed cap- 
sule was affected by fertilization with strange pollen, in the cases of 
stocks, palms, oranges, lemons, cucumbers, maize, daffodills, rho- 
dodendrons, cress, and apples. Perhaps the latter furnish the most 
important examples. The fruit here consists of the lower part of 
the calyx and of the upper part of the flower peduncle in a meta- 
morphosed condition, so that the effort of the foreign pollen has 
extended even beyond the limits of the ovarium. Cases of apples 
thus affected were recorded by Bradley in the early part of the 
last century; and other cases are given in old volumes of the ' Philo- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 65 

sophical Transactions.' In one of these a russeting apple and an 
adjoining kind mutually affected each other's fruits; and in another 
case a smooth apple affected a rough-coated kind. Another instance 
has been given of two very different apple trees growing close to 
each other which bore fruit resembling each other, but only on 
the adjoining branches. It is, however, almost superfluous to adduce 
these or other cases after that of the St. Valery apple, which, from 
the abortion of the stamens, does not produce pollen, but, being 
annually fertilized by the girls of the neighborhood with pollen of 
many kinds, bears fruit differing from each other in size, flavor and 
color, but resembling in character the hermaphrodite kinds by which 
they have been fertilized. 

" Mr. Darwin evidently sees that his system would demand that 
the gemmules from the strange pollen should serve to fertilize or 
modify other and distant flowers and buds then being formed on 
the same tree, for he remarks: 'There is not the least reason to 
believe that a branch which has borne seed or fruit directly modi- 
fied by foreign pollen is itself affected so as subsequently to produce 
modified buds; such an occurrence, from the temporary connection 
of the flower with the stem, would be hardly possible.' 

"Yet if the gemmules were given off by the pollen it would be 
quite reasonable to expect such to be carried on with the descend- 
ing sap, and to modify the buds then in process of formation, as 
they are represented to do the ovules in the female ovary. But, 
as in the case of the blood, so in that of the vegetable sap — we 
have no evidence that it contains particles possessed of plastic 
powers equal to the development of tissue. This is effected only 
be the nuclei or cells present in the substance of the tissues them- 

9 



66 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

selves; and as these nuclei communicate or are continuous with 
each other through minute branching processes, they easily affect 
those immediately adjacent, but have comparatively no influence upon 
those that are somewhat remote. The modification, therefore, of 
the fruit capsule, pod, fleshy drupe, and fruit stalk surrounding the 
seed, is only what is to be expected from the contact of the male 
pollen with the cells of the female flower, and of these in their turn 
with those adjacent, while all other parts of the plant are entirely 
unaffected by the act. In the animal the process is identical in 
every respect; the continuous cells — maternal and foetal — rendered 
continuous or placed in direct opposition to each other through 
their minute branching processes, mutually influence the vital pro- 
cesses and formative powers of each other; and thus it comes that 
the nuclei of the womb, but one step removed from its contained 
embryo, acquire certain new characters from it, and in due time 
transmit these to later progeny. The efficiency of this new inocu- 
lating process will, of course, be greatest where the vascular con- 
nection is the most intimate; and, as we have seen, the effect on 
the progeny is most patent when these points of intimate vascular 
connection between mother and offspring are the same in successive 
pregnancies. 

"A correct view of this subject is of more practical importance 
than may at first sight appear, for although the animal modified 
by the influence of the sire of an elder half-brother is necessarily a 
cross, whatever the mode of exerting such influence, an important 
question may arise regarding the purity of other offspring that bear 
no evidence of having been subjected to such modifying cause. If 
Mr. Darwin's theory is correct, that the whole blood of the mother 



THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 67 

is charged with gemmules from the embryo, which gemmules pass 
into all future ova, then all future offspring are essentially crosses, 
as will appear in their progeny, even if they themselves show no 
sign of modification. But, on the other hand, if the result is only 
due to the mutual influence of adjacent cells in the womb and foetal 
membranes, as vegetable as well as animal physiology seems to 
imply, then the general system of the dam is unaffected, and her 
progeny, which have personally escaped such influence and show 
none of the modified characters, may be held to be of pure lineage, 
and may be bred from without fear of degraded offspring." 

While there are many instances in history which go to confirm 
this theory, as presented by Prof. Law, yet I am inclined to the 
opinion, from long years of close observation, that the cases where 
the first impregnation of mammals affects the subsequent progeny 
are so rare as to make it practically of but little account in the 
calculation of the breeder. Indeed the instances where such resem- 
blances are noticed in horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are so few 
and obscure as to lead me rather to the conclusion that they are 
accidental, or owing to an inherited similarity in the remote ancestry, 
rather than to some occult influence exercised by a first impregna- 
tion. The case of Lord Moreton's mare and the quagga foal has 
been pressed into service by every man who has written upon this 
subject within the last half century, and yet it proves nothing. The 
black stripe is a distinguishing mark that belonged to the feral dun 
horses in general, and which to this day occasionally crops out in 
all breeds of horses. And if the influence were as potent as some 
writers have claimed, especially when applied to the breeding of 
horses, it is time some more modern case might be cited. Hundreds 



68 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

upon hundreds of excellent mares, many of them Thoroughbreds, in 
Kentucky and Tennessee, have produced their first foals to a jack 
and have afterward produced beautiful offspring from highly-bred 
sires. I can recall many illustrations upon this point that have come 
under my own observation. In fact the whole theory of gestation, 
the manner in which the foetus is attached to and nourished by the 
womb of the female, seems to make the commingling of the blood 
of the latter with that of the former an impossibility. In the case 
of the bitch, however, there appears to be a marked difference from 
all other domestic animals in the manner in which the placenta is 
attached to the womb — as is very clearly shown by Prof. Law in 
the foregoing article — and here alone, among domestic animals, do 
we find any considerable number of results which tend to confirm 
the theory that a first impregnation affects subsequent ones. It is 
noticed so frequently, however, here, that dog-fanciers almost uni- 
versally recognize it as a rule, and exercise the greatest possible 
care lest a bitch should first be lined by a mongrel or a dog of 
some other breed. But aside from this single exception I do not 
think the cases are sufficiently well authenticated or sufficiently numer- 
ous to justify the practical breeder in paying any special attention to 
it, especially when to do so would require a departure from plans 
that would otherwise be followed. 

EFFECT OF IMAGINATION UPON THE COLOR OF PROGENY. 

The question has frequently been asked, Does a sudden fright, 
or any peculiarity of association in a pregnant animal, have any 
effect upon the color or markings of the progeny? and the answer 
given has sometimes been "yes" and sometimes "no." In fact both 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 69 

sides of the question have been stoutly maintained by intelligent 
gentlemen who have claimed to speak from extensive personal obser- 
vation and experience. Ever since the day when Moses wrote the 
account of the method employed by Jacob to over-reach his father- 
in-law in the division of his cattle (see Genesis, chap. XXX), there 
have been those who believed it possible, through a strong mental 
impression, to affect the color and otherwise mark the offspring; 
and ever since the day when I, then in my early boyhood, first read 
the account of Jacob's success in breeding cattle that were " ring- 
streaked, speckled, and spotted," I have been on the lookout for 
evidence bearing upon the old patriarch's theory. 

The result of these observations has been to confirm me in the 
belief that while color, as well as all other peculiarities, usually fol- 
lows the ordinary laws of heredity, it is nevertheless true that strong 
mental impressions do sometimes set aside the ordinary laws of Na- 
ture and produce surprising results. One very clearly defined case 
came under my observation when a lad on my father's farm. A 
flock of sheep had been bred upon this farm, without any infusion 
of fresh blood, for many years. Not a black sheep, nor one with 
a black spot or mottled face, had ever been known among them. 
On one occasion, after most of the ewes had been bred, a black 
ram was turned into a small lot with them. Had a strange dog, a 
wolf, or any other wild animal, been suddenly let down among them 
they could not have been more terribly frightened. They circled 
round and round the lot, and made the most frantic efforts to escape 
from the supposed monster, while he kept turning round and round 
in the center of the circle, in vain trying to approach the ewes, 
that seemed almost ready to die with fright. This was kept up 



70 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

until from sheer exhaustion the ewes began to slacken their pace; 
but it was a long time before the flock became reconciled to the 
presence of the stranger. The result was striking. Every ewe that 
was -pregnant at the time of this fright dropped offspring more or 
less marked with black, while some of those that were served by this 
ram a few weeks later, after they had become accustomed to his 
presence, dropped lambs that were pure white. The case attracted 
much attention at the time, and has often been referred to since as 
a convincing illustration of color-marking from severe fright. 

Other instances have come under my observation; none of them 
so convincing as the one above narrated, but showing unmistakably 
the effect of imagination or association. I once knew a gray mare 
that was bred to the same gray Percheron horse for four years in 
succession, and produced four foals. During her first impregnation 
she had for a stable companion and working-mate a bay mare, and 
the foal was a bay. The next year her mate was a chestnut and 
the foal was a chestnut. Afterward she was worked and kept with 
several different animals, of various colors, and her foals were all 
grays, like herself and the sire. 

These cases, with many others of a similar character that have 
come under my own observation, as well as hundreds that have been 
noted by others and reported to me, have confirmed me in the 
belief that " markings " do sometimes occur from strong mental im- 
pressions; but the precise conditions under which this phenomenon 
takes place are unknown. The effect is so uncertain that, practi- 
cally, it may be entirely ignored by the breeder with impunity, until 
some modern Jacob shall arise who can tell us just how and when 
to use the "peeled rods." 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE .STOCK. 71 

EFFECT OF CHANGE OF CLIMATE ON THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 

It has often been remarked that a change of climate appears at 
times to have a serious effect upon the organs of reproduction, 
especially those of the male. A well-informed writer in an English 
journal not long since stated that experience had taught him that 
no water-fowl will breed the same year that its home is changed, 
referring, I presume by the context, to a material change as to 
distance or climatic conditions. I have noticed the same result with 
quadrupeds, more especially with horses imported to America from 
France, England, and Scotland. Several horses that, within my 
knowledge, have totally or partially failed to get foals for a year 
or two after importation, have, after becoming thoroughly accli- 
mated, proved themselves very sure foal-getters. I have also had 
many cases of a similar nature reported to me concerning bulls of 
the various breeds, and a still greater number, perhaps, of rams 
and boars. 

It is quite reasonable to suppose that a material change in cli- 
mate, or even in the mode of feeding, may so derange the organs 
of reproduction as to cause partial or total loss of sexual power. 
We know that a change in climate, or even in food, or water, often 
completely upsets a race horse; and that they are never considered 
fit to do themselves credit upon the turf when taken from this 
country to England, and vice versa, short of a year's acclimatiza- 
tion. It is not strange, therefore, that the effect should be equally 
as marked upon the generative organs as upon the motor appara- 
tus, and upon cattle, sheep, and swine as upon horses. Breeders, 
therefore, should not be in too great haste to declare an animal a 



72 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

non-breeder under such circumstances. Ample time should be given 
for thorough acclimatization in all cases of this nature. 



CONTROLLING THE SEX. 

It has been said that there is nothing new under the sun, and 
that each succeeding generation spends most of its time in shovel- 
ing over the same earth that has been examined in vain by its 
predecessors in search of hidden treasures. Theories that have been 
advanced, investigated and abandoned come up again year after 
year to be discussed, investigated and again cast aside as unreliable. 
They appear periodically; and the lapse of a decade is sufficient 
to pass in review, through the agricultural press, the whole brood 
upon any given subject bearing upon agriculture. That of control- 
ling the sex of offspring has, ever since the days of Aristotle, been 
one of the most fruitful topics of discussion, and the various theo- 
ries that have been advanced appear and reappear with perennial 
vigor. These theories may be briefly summarized as follows: 

i st. A strong mental impression on the part of the parents, but 
especially of the mother, at the time of conception, will determine 
the offspring. 

2d. The concentration of the attention of the dam on her pecul- 
iarly feminine qualities at the time of sexual union will secure 
female progeny. 

3d. If the amorous desires of the male are stronger than those 
of the female the progeny will be a female, and vice versa. 

4th. The development of the foetus in the right side (horn) of 
the womb will secure a male, and in the left side a female. 

5th. The point of origin of the artery of the testicle from the 
main abdominal trunk (aorta) will determine the sex of the majority 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 73 

of the offspring, the male sex predominating in proportion as the 
origin is more anterior. 

6th. The male germ is supplied by the right testicle or ovary, 
and the female by the left. 

7th. The excitation of one side or the other of the system of 
the male at the time of coition will determine the sex of the young. 

8th. The persistent selection for breeding purposes of females 
which yield one sex mainly, and of males from females of the same 
kind, will finally secure a race producing a great excess of the sex 
in question. 

9th. In uniparous animals every successive ovum that reaches 
maturation is of the opposite sex from that which immediately 
preceded it. Hence, by serving on the second occurrence of heat 
we may secure the same sex as in the last foetus. 

10th. The stage of development attained by the ovum at the 
period of impregnation determines the sex of the product of fecun- 
dation, the less developed proving females, the more mature males. 

nth. The personal preponderance in strength and vigor of the 
one parent will determine an excess of its own sex in the progeny. 

12th. The nature of the food of the parents, and particularly of 
the mother before conception, will influence the production of the 
different sexes. 

The theory that just now appears to be more generally believed 
in than any other is the 9th in the foregoing list. This is based 
on the belief that, naturally, animals which usually bring forth but 
one at a birth will produce the sexes alternately — that if the first 
ovum produces a male, the next ovum, if impregnated, will produce 
a female; consequently, if a cow or mare, after having produced a 
female, is impregnated at the first period of heat thereafter, the 
produce will be a male. If female produce only is desired, one 



74 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

period of heat should elapse after the birth of a female before the 
dam is again served by the male. This is what has been known 
as the Stuyvesant theory, and many cattle-breeders of my acquaint- 
ance firmly believe that it can be relied upon in a majority of case. 
Several other theories have been advanced, but the foregoing 
includes the principal ones. It may be that several of these causes 
have an influence in determining the sex, but it is quite certain that 
some of them, notably the 4th, 6th, and 7th, can have no influence 
whatever, and that none of them can be depended upon. Nature 
seems to have wisely provided, in order to preserve an equilibrium 
in the sexes, that their determination should be placed beyond the 
control of any single cause. It is known that some males get a 
large preponderance of one sex or the other, and some females will 
produce one sex only; sometimes for a series of years the observa- 
tion of one man will tend to confirm a certain theory of sex pro- 
duction, while in other hands the same theory will utterly fail. 
Taking up at random Part I of Vol. V of the English Short-horn 
Herd Book I find recorded not less than thirteen cows that have 
produced five calves or over, the entire produce being of one sex. 
In two of these cases three different bulls were used, in eight cases 
four different bulls, and in two instances six different bulls. Some 
very remarkable instances are found: The cow Ann by Abraham 
(2905) dropped nine bull calves in succession, the last two by Bel- 
shazzar (1703), and then her tenth calf, also by Belshazzar, was a 
heifer. Dorothy by Fisby (1040) dropped six bull calves in succes- 
sion by four different sires, the fourth and sixth being by Roman 
(2561), but the seventh, by the same bull, was a heifer. Her eighth 
calf was also a heifer. Down Horn by Budget (1759) began with 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 75 

a heifer; her next was a bull by the same sire as the first, and she 
then dropped five more bull calves in succession by as many different 
sires. Fair Helen by Young Albion (15) began with a bull calf, 
and then went on with five cow calves in succession by four different 
bulls. Florence by Lindrick (n 70) began with a heifer, then a 
bull, then six heifers by six different sires, and then two bulls, also 
by different sires. 

With mares the same law doubtless applies. Turning to the 
Stud Book I find that the thoroughbred mare Rosemary produced 
two males from two different sires; next she produced three females, 
two of them by the same horse that got the males; then another 
male, and then eleven females in succession from nine different 
sires. Scythia produced six females, and no males, from three dif- 
ferent sires. Another mare by Scythian, recorded on the same page, 
produced four males in successive years from as many different 
sires; and still another on that page, also by Scythian, produced 
four females by as many sires. ^Erolite produced six males to 
successive covers of imp. Australian; while Dolly Carter, bred to 
the same horse, produced nothing but females. Mary Lewis began 
with two male foals, the second being by Glencoe; her next foal, 
also by Glencoe, was a filly; and all her foals after that (six more), 
by four other sires, were females. Olivia produced seven males in 
succession from four different sires before she dropped her first 
filly. Neither Jack Malone, Muggins, John Morgan, nor Bonnie 
Scotland could get anything but fillies out of Lantana. Mollie 
Hambleton produced six fillies in succession, three of them by Planet, 
and then she faced about and threw two male foals to Planet. In 
short the pages of the stud books and herd books furnish a com- 



76 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

plete refutation to any rule that has yet been formulated upon this 
subject. 

It may be that we shall ultimately discover the circumstances 
under which these various causes operate upon each other, so that 
we shall be able, in many cases, to produce a given sex at will, 
but at present we know but little if any more upon the subject 
than was known to our grandfathers. 



CHAPTER II. 



THOROUGHBRED HORSES. 

The breed of horses generally known as the Thoroughbred is 
the oldest and best established of all the breeds of horses of Europe 
and America. The term Thoroughbred, often used in America, but 
seldom in England, as a synonym for well-bred or purely-bred, was 
originally used exclusively as the name by which this breed, other- 
wise designated as the English race horse, was known. The same 
horses are sometimes denominated "blood horses," from the well- 
established purity of their lineage. 

The Thoroughbred horse is peculiarly a British production. At 
a very early period the attention of the rulers of Great Britain 
was earnestly directed to the work of improving the breeds of 
horses of that kingdom. These horses were notoriously deficient in 
size, and the earliest efforts were directed toward improvement in 
that particular by the importation of heavy horses from Normandy, 
Flanders, and Germany. It would be interesting to trace, step by 
step, these efforts, but our space will not admit of such detail. 
The era of improvement commenced with the conquest of the 
islands by the Saxons; but it was many years before there appears 
to have been any clearly-defined or well-settled purpose, the object 
at one time appearing to be an increase of size by large importa- 



78 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

tions of the heavy horses of Flanders, and again, to give graceful- 
ness of motion and beauty of form by the introduction of what is 
known as Oriental blood — that of the Arab, the Turk, and the 
Barb. It is evident that from a very early period the blood of the 
Barb and of the Turk was held in higher esteem than that of the 
Arab, the latter being regarded as undersized, and to be esteemed 
rather for beauty of form and gracefulness of action than on account 
of any real superiority. 

For several years preceding the reign of Charles II, horse-racing 
appears to have been rapidly growing into favor as an amusement 
and recreation among the English people; and from that time until 
the present contests for supremacy upon the turf have stirred the 
British heart as no other amusement has ever done. To the con- 
stant growth and great popularity of this sport, which for nearly 
two hundred years has been regarded as the national amusement 
of that country, are we indebted for persistence in a course of 
breeding which has given us this race of horses so pre-eminently 
distinguished throughout the world for speed and endurance upon 
the race-course; and which, on account of the great care taken in 
their breeding, and their consequent purity of lineage, were the first 
race of animals to which the term thoroughbred was applied. 

The foundation upon which this now well-established breed was 
built was a promiscuous mingling of the native horses of the Island 
of Great Britain — first with the larger races of Europe, especially 
of Normandy, Flanders, and Germany, and subsequently with the 
lighter, more agile and graceful horses of Spain, which were them- 
selves almost identical with the Barbs on the other side of the 
Mediterranean. Frequent importations were also made direct from 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 79 

Egypt, Morocco, and Tunis, and likewise from Arabia and various 
parts of Turkey, until this Oriental blood, to a considerable extent, 
permeated all the horse stock of Great Britain, excepting those 
bred especially for agricultural purposes. So thoroughly had the 
passion for turf sports, or horse-racing, taken possession of the 
English people as early as the reign of Charles II, that ability to 
run and win in a race was even then regarded as the principal 
test of merit in horses, and those most successful on the turf were 
most highly prized for breeding purposes. From that time down 
to the present, embracing a period of more than two hundred years, 
the selection of breeding stock has been constantly made with this 
as the primary object. 

With the advent of Charles II, in the last half of the seven- 
teenth century, breeding for speed and endurance upon the race- 
course began to be conducted on something like a definite plan; 
the records of turf performances were carefully kept, especial atten- 
tion was paid to the pedigrees of horses designed for the turf; and 
an aristocracy of blood came to be recognized in the horses of 
Eno-land. This monarch sent his " master of the horse " to the 
Levant for the purpose of procuring horses for breeding purposes, 
with which he proposed to found a breeding stud. His purchase 
comprised three very famous Turkish stallions and some mares 
that, in the equine literature of the clay, were called the "royal 
mares," and these royal mares are by many supposed to be the 
foundation of the strict Thoroughbred. This origin is, however, 
more mythical than real, as it was well known that several other 
mares were, from time to time, introduced from the Orient, and 
that the produce of many mares not descended from nor related to 



80 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

these royal mares have been distinguished upon the turf and recog- 
nized as Thoroughbreds. 

About the middle of the eighteenth century the publication of 
the English Racing Calendar was commenced. In this the names of 
all the horses that participated in the regular races were published, 
and in a very few years it became the custom to give also the name 
of the sire in each case. This publication has been continued, with 
very little change in form or matter, down to the present day, and 
the records of performances and names of performers therein con 
tained furnished the basis for the stud book. A collection embrac- 
ing all the pedigrees of distinguished horses that could be obtained 
was published as early as 1786. Subsequent to this several attempts 
at a compilation of pedigrees from the Racing Calendar and other 
sources was made, but it was not until 1791 that the English Stud 
Book took its present form. 

The standard of admission to the first volume of the Stud Book 
appears to have been simply creditable performance upon the turf, 
as shown by the Racing Calendar, it being taken for granted that 
no horse could be a creditable performer that was not well bred — ■ 
an assumption that has never yet been found at fault. The first 
volume compiled upon this basis has furnished the foundation for 
all subsequent ones, and few names have been admited to registry 
that do not trace, without admixture, on both sides, to an ancestry 
that is recorded in the first volume, or to subsequent importations 
of Oriental blood. 

It is the general opinion of the best-informed English turfmen 
that the Oriental stallions which contributed most largely to the 
formation of the English Thoroughbred were Place's White Turk, 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 81 

the Byerly Turk, Lister's, or the Straddling Turk, the Darley Ara- 
bian, Curwen's Barb, Lord Carlisle's Turk, the Godolphin Arabian 
(a Barb), the Leeds Arabian, Honeywood's White Arabian, Combe's 
Gray Arabian, Bell's Gray Arabian, D'Arcy's Turk, Selaby Turk, 
the Ancaster Turk, Compton's Barb, the Toulouse Barb, Stanyan's 
Arabian, Lowther Barb, Taffolet Barb, Hutton's Gray Barb, Honey- 
wood's Arab, Sedley Barb, and Wellesley's Arabian. Of those above 
mentioned Lister's Turk got Brisk and Snake, Darley Arabian got 
Flying Childers, Carlisle's Turk got the Bald Galloway, and Godol- 
phin Arabian got Blank, Regulus, and Cade. The "Royal Mares" 
were imported Barbs. 

Of these Oriental sires it is generally admitted that the Godol- 
phin Arabian — imported in the year 1728 — is the last that has 
proven of any special benefit to the English stock; and while this 
blending of the blood of the Orient with the old races of England 
furnished the foundation, there cannot be the slightest doubt that 
the care and skill of English breeders in selecting and coupling with 
the stoutest, best and fleetest for successive generations has been a 
more potent agent in the formation of the breed, as it now exists, 
than the Arabian and Barb blood, to which tradition has ascribed 
its superiority. Many importations of the choicest blood of the 
Orient have been made both to this country and England within 
the last half century, and yet scarcely a name among them can be 
found in the pedigree of a horse that has distinguished himself upon 
the turf. The Arabian horses possess undoubted beauty of form 
and grace of motion, but they are notoriously inferior in point of 
size to the average Thoroughbred, being rarely over 14 hands high; 
and their produce from the best of mares have been failures both 



82 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

in the stud and on the race-course. In every instance in which the 
speed and stoutness of our Thoroughbreds have been tested side by 
side with the Arabian they have proven superior to their eastern 
competitors. Hence, recent crosses of Oriental blood, while they do 
not warrant exclusion from the stud book, are not looked upon with 
favor by the best breeders of England or America. The Thorough- 
bred of today is greatly superior to his Oriental ancestor in size, 
speed, endurance, and every other useful quality, excepting, possibly, 
that of docility. 

The greater portion of Arabia is, in point of fact, illy adapted 
to the rearing of horses, and prior to the days of Mahomet horses 
were scarcely recognized as a part of the possessions of the Arab, 
their riches consisting chiefly in camels, oxen, sheep, and goats. 
But Mahomet was an enthusiastic lover of the horse, and while he 
succeeded in ingrafting upon so large a proportion of the inhabitants 
of the eastern world his own peculiar religious tenets he also im- 
bued his followers with a great degree of his enthusiastic admiration 
for the horse. Indeed, kindness to and love for this noble animal 
was made a part of the religious duty of all true Mussulmans, and 
from the days of Mahomet down to the present time the Arabian 
has held his stud, and especially his mares, in a sort of superstitious 
reverence. Mahomet selected for himself a magnificent stud, and his 
followers to this day seek to trace the genealogy of their choicest 
horses to the mares that were his favorites. But their pedigrees, 
divested of all the high-sounding flourishes with which they are 
accompanied, mean but little and are altogether unreliable. Arabia 
was one of the latest of the Oriental countries to engage in rearing 
horses; and there can be but little question that the enthusiasm of 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 83 

the followers of the Prophet had very nearly if not quite as much 
to do in creating the great reputation that the Arabian horses soon 
thereafter attained, and which they hold to this day, as the quality 
of the animals themselves. 

The Thoroughbred having been for so many generations bred 
with especial reference to his capacity as a race horse, it is not sur- 
prising that he should have acquired peculiarities of form and temper 
that render him undesirable for the more sober and steady uses of 
every-day life. He has been bred to run, and the form best adapted 
to speed and the mental qualities that most certainly insure the 
pluck, and energy, and determination, so essential to success in a 
hard-fought race, have been the qualities aimed at by breeders and 
the standard by which selections have been made. Such a course 
of breeding has made the Thoroughbred, as a racer, rather too lithe 
and light in form, and too nervous and excitable in temper for ordi- 
nary business uses; but in speed, endurance and resolution they 
surpass all other breeds, and there is scarcely a race of horses in 
existence but may be improved by a cross with them. This fact 
is almost universally recognized, and nearly all countries upon the 
civilized globe have for many years regarded the English Thorough- 
bred, or "blood horse," as the basis of all substantial equine im- 
provement. 

Our American horses are largely permeated with the blood of 
the English Thoroughbred. Many of the best stallions and mares 
of England have been imported to this country, and their influence 
is seen on every hand. It enters largely into the ground-work of 
all our trotting strains, and it is doubtful if a single great road horse 
or trotter has been produced in this country that did not possess a 



§4 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

large share of this royal blood as a foundation upon which the 
trotting superstructure has been built. 

There exists great ignorance, even among many who pass for 
intelligent, well-informed horsemen, as to what constitutes a Thor- 
oughbred horse. Nearly every agricultural society in the land has 
a class in its premium list for Thoroughbred horses; and yet many 
of the managers of these societies have a very indefinite idea as to 
what is requisite to render a horse eligible in this class. Questions 
of this nature are referred to me almost every year for a decision 
as to eligibility; and many of these are of such a nature that a very 
slight knowledge of the subject ought to enable the officers of these 
societies to decide for themselves. On this account I beg pardon 
of the well-informed reader while I briefly recapitulate. 

In the first place, it should be understood that we derive the 
term, as well as the breed of horses to which it applies, from our 
British cousins across the water, as has been fully set forth in the 
preceding pages; and that the word, when applied to horses, is 
used to designate one particular breed, and that is the running 
horse. All our American Thoroughbreds are, therefore, imported 
from England, or are descendants of animals so imported. A recent 
cross with an imported Arabian or Barb, while it does not vitiate 
the blood nor render an animal ineligible as a Thoroughbred, is 
not usually regarded as desirable, from the fact that the course of 
selection which has been practiced by the breeders of Thoroughbred 
horses in England and America for the last hundred years has 
given us a race that is generally considered to be far superior to 
the Oriental horse of today in speed, size and stoutness. The com- 
piler of the stud book for Thoroughbred horses in this country has 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 85 

relaxed the English rule somewhat, and admits to registry animals 
that show an unmixed descent for five generations of pure blood; 
and while, under this rule, many animals may be admitted that are 
not, in the strict sense of the word, Thoroughbreds, yet if for five 
generations nothing but Thoroughbred sires are to be found in the 
pedigree, the quantity of alien blood remaining must necessarily be 
infinitesimally small; and by usage the animal so bred is in this 
country ranked as a Thoroughbred. The American Stud Book for 
Thoroughbred horses, five volumes of which have been issued, is 
edited and published by Col. S. D. Bruce, of the Turf, Field and 
Farm, New York. 



THOROUGHBRED STALLION LEONATUS. 

Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Longfellow, dam Semper Felix 
by imp. Phaeton; 2d dam Crucifix by Lexington. Bred by J. H. 
Millar, Lexington, Ky.; owned by Chinn & Morgan, Harrodsburg, 
Ky. Engraved from a sketch from life by Cross, showing the horse 
at six years old. At three years old Leonatus was confessedly the 
greatest race horse of the year, and was never headed until he broke 
down, as the result of an accident, near the close of the racing- 
season of 1883. 



(86) 



THOROUGHBRED STALLION HYDER ALL 

Color, bay; foaled 1872; got by Leamington, dam Lady Duke 
by Lexington; 2d dam Magdalen by Medoc. Bred by A. Welsh, 
Philadelphia; owned by Gen. Richard Rowett, Carlinville, 111. En- 
graved from a sketch from life by Burk, showing the horse at 
fourteen years old. The blood lines represented in this horse are 
among the most desirable of the breed; the first two sires named, 
Leamington and Lexington, being by common consent recognized 
as among the most famous Thoroughbred horses ever owned in 
America. 



(38; 



CHAPTER III. 



TROTTING AND ROADSTER HORSES. 



We have as yet no really distinctive breed of driving horses or 
roadsters. The horses used for light driving, fast trotting, etc., are 
largely a conglomeration of all breeds and types. Some approxi- 
mate the French Canadian pony in form and action, while others 
possess most of the characteristics of the Thoroughbred; but so 
popular have trotting races become in this country, and so univer- 
sal is the fancy for fast driving horses, that at almost all our horse 
shows and fairs the roadster class will be found more largely 
represented than any other, and usually more largely than all others 
combined. Indeed the roadster is more distinctly an American feat- 
ure than any other in our equine product ; and we are fast approaching 
the time when the American trotting horse may properly be classed 
as a distinct breed. It is the realization of an American fancy — 
the result of a fashion that has demanded the fastest and stoutest 
trotting horses in the world for driving on the road; and to this 
end we have selected and bred until our horses surpass all others 
in this particular. Among these horses we have several recognized 
families of especial prominence, all more or less related, each pos- 
sessing features that are to some extent peculiarly its own, but 
none of them entitled to be separately classed as a breed. 



92 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

Of these we may mention the Hambletonians, descended on the 
paternal side from imp. Messenger (a Thoroughbred) through his 
son Mambrino (also a Thoroughbred), and Mambrino's son Abdal- 
lah, out of a mare of unknown blood, who in turn got Rysdyk's 
Hambletonian, out of a mare by Bellfounder (an imported Norfolk 
trotter), and his second dam probably having two crosses to imported 
Messenger. Through Rysdyk's Hambletonian, on the paternal side, 
we have the Volunteers, the Edward Everetts, the Alexander's 
Abdallahs, the Almonts, the Messenger Durocs, the Sentinels, the 
Happy Mediums, the George Wilkeses, the Dictators, and all the 
various so-called Hambletonians of the present day. This celebrated 
horse was bred in Orange Co., N. Y., foaled in 1849, and was 
kept in that county until his death, which occurred March 26, 1876. 

Then we have the Mambrinos, that take their name from Mam- 
brino Chief, who was got by Mambrino Paymaster, a son of the 
Mambrino above referred to as the grandsire of Rysdyk's Hamble- 
tonian. The dam of Mambrino Chief, like the dam of Abdallah, 
was a mare of unknown blood. He was bred in Orange Co., 
N. Y., foaled in 1844, and when ten years old was taken to Ken- 
tucky, where he died in 1861. Upon the highly-bred and Thorough- 
bred mares of that region he was very successful as a sire of fast 
trotters, and the mares got by him have been especially noted as 
producers of great trotters when coupled with other trotting strains. 

The Clays constitute another trotting family of note. The origi- 
nal Henry Clay was a famous trotting stallion, foaled 1837, got by 
Andrew Jackson (also a famous trotter), who was a grandson of 
Bashaw (an imported Barb), and related to imported Messenger 
through the second dam of his sire, who was by that horse. The 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 



93 



dam of Henry Clay was a great trotting mare, of unknown blood. 
From this horse we have the various families of Clays of the pres- 
ent day, and also the Patchens — the trotting stallion George M. 
Patchen, the greatest trotting stallion of his day, and the original 
of the name, being a grandson of the original Henry Clay. 

The Morgans are perhaps our oldest trotting family; and if 
they have not produced our very fastest trotters, their produce 
undoubtedly deserve to take the very highest rank as good-tempered, 
hardy, and pleasant roadsters. They are descended, in the paternal 
line, from a horse called Justin Morgan, who was bred in Vermont, 
foaled 1793, and died 1821. His blood has never been positively 
known, although it is pretty well established that tne Thoroughbred 
predominated. From him we have the Morrills, the Fearnaughts, 
the Ethan Aliens, the Black Hawks (not including the descendants 
of Long Island Black Hawk, who was by Andrew Jackson, grand- 
son of Bashaw, above alluded to, and had none of the Morgan 
blood in his veins), the Daniel Lamberts, the Knoxes, and the Gold- 
dusts. The popularity of this family at one time was unbounded; 
and no blood, excepting that of the Thoroughbred, has been so gen- 
erally disseminated and so highly esteemed throughout the United 
States. At present it is not so highly prized by those who place 
speed above all other qualities ; ' but go where you will among 
livery -stable keepers or horse-railroad managers and ask what type 
of horse they have found most profitable to use and wear out on the 
road, and the almost invariable answer will be, " The old-fashioned 
Morgan." 

The Bashaws, another popular family of trotters, are very closely 
related to the Clays and Patchens, having a common ancestry in 



94 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

Young Bashaw, who was the sire of the Andrew Jackson above 
referred to. Young Bashaw was by the imported Bashaw, his dam 
was by a Thoroughbred sire, and his grandam was by imp. Messen- 
ger. The most celebrated of the Bashaw family proper come through 
Long Island Black Hawk, who was by Andrew Jackson, out of a 
mare by Mambrino, son of Messenger. Through him we have 
Green's Bashaw (so well known in the West), the Mohawks, and 
many others of note. 

The Pilots: The blood of the old black pacer Pilot, who was of 
French Canadian ancestry, has mingled kindly with our best trotting 
strains, and many of our very best and fastest trotters trace to him, 

mainly through his son, Pilot Jr. (a horse owned for many years by 

i 

the late R. A. Alexander, of Kentucky), out of a mare that was 
nearly Thoroughbred. Old Copperbottom, also a Canadian pacer; 
Hiatoga, a horse bred in Virginia; Columbus, and Royal George, 
both from Canada, have all been very popular sires, and no com- 
pendium of the origin of the American trotting horse would be com- 
plete without reference to them. 

In no department of stock-breeding is the influence of heredity 
and of patient selection with a view to the transmission and improve- 
ment of a desired quality more apparent than in the breeding of the 
trotting horse. Fifty years ago the American trotting horse, as a 
breed, was unthought of; and one that could trot a mile in less than 
three minutes was a wonderful animal! But the ability to trot fast 
was a desirable quality, and breeders sought to perpetuate it. Ani- 
mals that excelled the average of the species as trotters were selected 
to breed from, with a view to perpetuating and intensifying this 
quality; but as its possession was at that time an accident — a spon- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 95 

taneous variation — it was found that but few of the immediate 
descendants of the animals first chosen with a view to breeding fast 
trotters could trot faster than their remote ancestors. But when 
such of them as did show improvement in this direction were again 
selected for breeding purposes and coupled together it was found that, 
while there were still many failures, the proportion of the descend- 
ants that showed improvement in the trotting gait beyond the average 
of their ancestors was materially increased. And so by selecting 
from generation to generation from such families as have shown a 
tendency to improvement in this quality we have made considera- 
ble progress toward founding a breed of trotting horses. 

So generally is the attention of the breeders of trotting horses 
directed to the "bright, particular stars" in the trotting firmament 
each year that we lose sight of the immense number of horses that 
trot a mile in 2:30 to 2:50 — a gait that twenty-five, and even fifteen 
years ago, was fast enough to entitle a horse to rank as a credit- 
able performer on the turf; and in our admiration for these great 
performers we have failed to note the extent to which the average 
speed of the so-called trotting families has been improved. What 
horseman who has reached the age of fifty years can not remem- 
ber how very rare three-minute trotters were when he was a boy? 
And yet what a large proportion of our Hambletonians, Clays, 
Bashaws, and Mambrinos now trot faster than a mile in three min- 
utes! 

We have still much to do before we can claim to have estab- 
lished a breed of trotting horses, and the more closely we confine 
ourselves to judicious selections from the families that trot and 
produce trotters the more rapid will be our progress in the forma- 



Cf6 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

tion of a breed in which superiority at the trotting gait shall be 
an inherent and transmissible quality. It may -possibly become 
necessary to resort to crosses outside of these trotting families for 
improvement in some other quality; but there is no out-cross that 
we can possibly make without danger to the transmission and 
improvement of the trotting gait. Even those of our trotters that 
belong to none of the recognized trotting families are almost invari- 
ably the result of selection with a view to this faculty. In almost 
every case of " breeding unknown " we have found that the dam 
was "a fast trotter." In short, the more thoroughly we investigate 
the course of breeding that has produced our trotting horses the 
more completely does it confirm the theory of breeding from animals 
that possess the quality we wish to perpetuate. The endurance, 
and vim, and energy that make the great trotter undoubtedly come 
from the Thoroughbred; and the form for speed at the trotting gait 
comes from the same source; but we have selected, and trained, 
and bred with an especial view to adaptation to this special pur- 
pose, until we have a fixed characteristic — an inheritance of speed 
at the trotting gait, and an inheritance of mental quality, adapting 
the horse to this special use, in which the modern American trot- 
ter is as much superior to the average Thoroughbred as is the best 
race horse that ever struck hoof upon the Epsom Downs to the 
average Arab of today. 

ORLOFF TROTTERS. 

Although the Orloff trotters of Russia have been but sparingly 
introduced into this country, yet they are so frequently referred to 
in discussions upon horse-breeding, and especially in those pertain- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 97 

ing to the breeding of trotting horses, that a brief reference to the 
breed and a comparison of their merits with our own trotters can- 
not fail to be interesting. The breed takes its name from Count 
Alexis Orloff Tschismensky, an enthusiastic horseman of Russia, 
who, in 1775, imported from Arabia a gray stallion named Sme- 
tanxa, said to have been of unusual size and strength. A Danish 
mare was bred to this imported Arabian stallion, and the produce 
was a horse known as Polkan 1st. From a union of this half- 
blood with a Dutch mare sprang a stallion known as Bars 1st, which 
is generally regarded as the progenitor of the Orloff race of trot- 
ters. The fame of this quarter-blood, Bars 1st, was chiefly perpetu- 
ated through his sons Lubeznay 1st, Lebed 1st, and Dobroy 1st. 

It is worthy of especial note that we have an almost exact 
parallel of the course of breeding which laid the foundation for the 
Orloff trotting horse in the case of the imported Barb, Grand 
Bashaw, a gray stallion imported to the United States from Tripoli 
by Mr. Joseph C. Morgan. This horse got Young Bashaw (also 
gray), out of Pearl by First Consul, and he in turn got Andrew 
Jackson, out of a mare of unknown blood. It will be observed that 
the Russian trotter Bars 1st and Andrew Jackson were each three 
removes from their Oriental ancestry, and that in this third remove 
the trotting excellence first began to manifest itself. Bars 1st laid 
the foundation for the Orloff trotting horse, and was himself a dis- 
tinguished trotter; Andrew Jackson was the most noted trotting 
stallion of his day, and from him are descended the Bashaw, Patchen 
and Clay trotters of the present time. We have no positive knowl- 
edge as to the breeding of the Danish mare, the dam of Polkan 

1 st, or of the Dutch mare that produced Bars 1st, while Pearl, the 

13 



98 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

clam of Young Bashaw, was a well-bred mare, she being by a 
thoroughbred sire, out of Fancy by imported Messenger. As to 
the blood of the clam of Andrew Jackson we are left to conjecture. 
The similarity of the foundation of these two races of trotting 
horses is therefore quite apparent. 

Count Orloff and his successor, V. T. Shiskin, devoted them- 
selves assiduously to the improvement of these horses, selecting their 
stallions exclusively from the foundation above alluded to, but resort- 
ing frequently to English and Dutch mares of known excellence; so 
that the Orloff trotter, like the American, is of a mixed origin, 
and neither the Arab, the Barb, nor the English Thoroughbred can 
claim exclusive paternity in either case. Selection and crossing, 
with a view to adaptation for a specific use, has accomplished the 
work of creating in both countries a race of trotting horses. Count 
Orloff was an intelligent enthusiast in the business — -as all success- 
ful breeders have been — and he persistently refused to part with 
any of his entire horses, preferring that he alone should dictate the 
choice of sires to be used to perpetuate and improve the race. 
After his death the stud was scattered; a considerable portion of it 
passed into the possession of the crown, but several private studs 
were founded, and a stud book was instituted to aid in the work 
of keeping the race free from further admixture, although with the 
Russians, as with us, the question is not very well settled as to 
what constitutes the best trotting pedigree, and purity of blood is 
a rather vague and indefinite term when applied to the Orloff 
as well as to the American trotter. The Count had been an 
enthusiastic patron of the race course as a means of developing 
and testing the powers of his horses, and since his time the gov- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 99 

ernment has given its powerful aid to promote the same object, not 
only by establishing breeding studs, but by furnishing more than 
one-half of the prize-money that is contested for at these trotting 
races, which have been held regularly in that country for the last 
sixty years. 



TROTTING MARE MAUD S. 

Color, chestnut; foaled 1874; got by Harold, son of Rysdyk's 
Hambletonian; dam Miss Russell by Pilot Jr.; 2d dam Sally Russell 
by Boston. Bred by A. J. Alexander, Spring Station, Ky.; owned 
by Robert Bonner, New York city. Engraved after a sketch from 
life by Cross, showing her at ten years old. Her record of a mile 
in 2:08^ has never been equaled by any trotting horse in the 
world; and she has been the recognized "queen of the trotting turf" 
ever since Sept. 18, 1880, when she made a record of 2:10^. She 
combines in her blood lines the Hambletonian and Pilot trotting 
families (see pages 92 and 94) upon a Thoroughbred foundation, her 
2d dam Sally Russell being a Thoroughbred mare. The artist has 
represented her as being groomed immediately after a race or other 
violent exercise, the colored groom seated under her being in the 
act of wrapping her legs in the flannel bandages commonly used by 
trainers upon such occasions. 



(100) 



TROTTING HORSE PHALLAS. 

Color, bay; foaled 1877; got by Dictator, son of Rysdyk's Ham- 
bletonian; dam by Clark Chief, son of Mambrino Chief; 2d dam 
by Ericsson, son of Mambrino Chief. Bred by H. C. McDowell, 
Lexington, Ky. ; owned by J. I. Case, Racine, Wis. Engraved after 
a sketch from life by Cross, showing the horse at seven years old. 
His trotting record of a mile in 2:13^, July 14, 1884, has never 
been beaten or equaled by a stallion but once, and then it was 
beaten only by a quarter of a second. Phallas combines in his ped- 
igree the blood of the Hambletonian and Mambrino Chief families, 
being especially in-bred to the latter. His sire Dictator is one of 
the most highly-prized sons of Rysdyk's Hambletonian, and is full 
brother to Dexter, the most famous trotting horse of his day. 



(102) 



TROTTING HORSE HEROD. 

Color, black; foaled 1866; got by King Herod, son of Sherman 
Black Hawk; dam by Green Mountain Boy, son of Vermont Black 
Hawk; 2d dam by Gifford Morgan. Bred by James Brooks, Ossian, 
la.; owned by M. T. Grattan, Preston, Minn. Engraved after a 
sketch from life by Burk, taken when the horse was in his twentieth 
year. This horse, when eighteen years old, made a public trotting 
record of 2:24^, and is undoubtedly one of the best, if not the 
very best, living representatives of the Morgan trotting family. As 
the Sherman Morgan mentioned above was a son of Vermont Black 
Hawk, the most famous Morgan stallion of his day, and Green 
Mountain Boy was also by the same sire, and Herod's second dam 
by Gifford Morgan, it will be seen that he is strongly in-bred to 
this popular and valuable family of trotting horses. Vermont Black 
Hawk and Gifford Morgan were both grandsons of Justin Morgan, 
the founder of the Morgan family of horses. 



(io 4 ) 



TROTTING MARE TRINKET. 

Color, bay; foaled 1875; got by Princeps, son of Woodford Mam- 
brino; dam Ouida by Rysdyk's Hambletonian; 2d dam Morning 
Glory by imp. Consternation. Bred by R. S. Veech, Louisville, Ky.; 
owned by J. W. Shaw, New York city. Engraved after a sketch 
from life by Burk, showing the mare at seven years old. Trinket 
as a four-year-old made a trotting record of a mile in 2:193^, which 
up to that time had never been equaled by a horse of her age. 



(106) 



TROTTING HORSE DON COSSACK. 

Color, bay; foaled 1876; got by August Belmont, son of RysoVyk's 
Hambletonian; dam Laytham Lass by Alexander's Abdallah, son of 
Rysdyk's Hambletonian; 2d dam by Mambrino Chief. Bred by J. 
C. McFerran & Son, Louisville, Ky.; owned by Arthur J. Caton, 
Caton Stock Farm, Joliet, 111. Don Cossack made a trotting record 
of 2:28 at five years old, and since then has been kept exclusively 
for service in the breeding stud at Caton Stock Farm, where his 
merits as a sire have become so conspicuous that he has scarcely 
ever been defeated in the show ring when exhibited with his get. 
Engraved after a painting by Dewey, showing the horse at four 
years old. 



(10S) 



TROTTING HORSE FAIRY GIFT. 

Color, brown; foaled 1876; got by Hero of Thorndale, son of 
Thorndale; dam Fairy Belle by Belmont, son of Alexander's Abdal- 
lah; 2d dam Waterwitch by Pilot Jr. Bred by F. P. Kinkeacl, 
Woodford Co., Ky.; owned by A. G. Danforth, Washington, 111. 
Engraved after a sketch from life by Corwine, showing the horse 
at eight years old. This horse is strongly in-bred to Rysdyk's 
Hambletonian through several lines, Thorndale also being by Alex- 
ander's Abdallah (sire of Goldsmith Maid), who was a son of 
Rysdyk's Hambletonian, and Thorndale's dam was also by this 
famous old sire. He also has the Mambrino Chief cross through 
Belmont, and the Pilot cross through his second dam, Waterwitch, 
the famous old mother of trotters. Fairy Gift is used as the chief 
breeding stallion in the trotting department of Melbourne Stock 
Farm. 



(i 10) 



TROTTING HORSE DOC VAIL. 

Color, brown; foaled 1880; got by Swigert, son of Alexander's 
Norman; dam Lady Gano by Stephen A. Douglas; 2d dam Guinea 
Hen by Long Island Chief. Bred by W. T. Vail, now of Greeley, 
Col.; owned by W. P. Higinbotham, Manhattan, Kan. Engraved 
after a sketch from life by Burk, showing the horse at five years 
old. Doc Vail's sire, Swigert, had for his dam Blandina by Mam- 
brino Chief, and his second dam was the famous Burch Mare by 
Brown Pilot. In the maternal line the ancestry of Doc Vail have 
long been distinguished for highly useful qualities as roadsters. This 
horse is used at the head of the Blue Valley breeding stud. 



(112) 



TROTTING HORSE WILKOMONT. 

Color, chestnut; foaled 1881; got by Almont Pilot, son of Almont; 
dam Wanita by George Wilkes; 2d dam Vienna by Berkley's Edwin 
Forrest. Bred and owned by E. A. Smith, Lawrence, Kan. En- 
graved after a sketch from life by Burk, showing the horse at four 
years old. Wilkomont has the Hambletonian and Mambrino Chief 
blood through his grandsire Almont, who was a grandson of Rys- 
dyk's Hambletonian, and whose dam was by Mambrino Chief. He 
also has the Hambletonian and Clay blood through his dam (Wanita) 
by George Wilkes, one of the most famous of Hambletonian sires. 



("4) 



CHAPTER IV. 



ENGLISH AND FRENCH COACH HORSES. 

CLEVELAND BAYS. 

Many years ago, before the advent of the railway, there was 
recognized in England a breed of horses called Cleveland Bays; but 
with the general application of steam to the uses of locomotion the 
breed fell into disuse, and nearly all English authors with whom I 
am conversant who have written within the past thirty years upon 
the horses of Great Britain have treated the breed as extinct. 
Within the past three or four years, however, there has been a 
determined effort on the part of Yorkshire breeders to gather up 
whatever may yet be remaining of this once popular blood and to 
resuscitate the breed. To this end a society was organized about 
two years ago, and Vol. I of the Cleveland Bay Stud Book has been 
issued as a result of this effort. 

Following modern English authors and the English agricultural 
press, I have repeatedly within the past ten years expressed the 
opinion that the Cleveland Bays were no longer regarded as a 
distinct breed in that country, and for expressing such an opinion 
I have been subjected to much ill-natured criticism. I certainly had 
no reason to misrepresent the facts, and only aimed to give accurate, 



Ii8 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

reliable information, to those who asked for it, upon a subject that 
interested all horse-breeders. Within a few years past the English 
agricultural press have begun to again speak of the Cleveland Bay 
as a breed, but as late as Nov. 18, 1881, I find the London Live- 
stock yournal, the only distinctively live-stock serial publication in 
Great Britain, stating that: 

" The Cleveland that some people write about is not a Cleve- 
land; it is only the nearest approach to what the Cleveland was 
like. If there is such a thing as a pure Cleveland the owner should 
stick to him; the breed, it is possible, may be resuscitated." 

The Mark Lane Express, of about the same date, qualified a 
reference of the same sort by the remark, "if there be such a breed" ; 
and Mr. Frederick Street, who as late as 1883 wrote "The History 
of the Shire Horse " in England, speaking of the heavier classes of 
horses, says: "The only distinct breeds now recognized are the Shire 
horse or English Cart horse, the Clydesdale, and the Suffolk, the 
Cleveland Bay being well-nigh extinct"; and the standard writers 
upon the horse for many years past, such as Youatt & Burn, Youatt 
& Spooner, Prof. Low and "Frank Forrester," have all treated of 
the Cleveland Bay as an extinct breed. 

It must be conceded, therefore, that if I have been wrong in stating 
that the Cleveland Bays were no longer recognized in England as 
a distinct breed I was at least in good company. 

About four years ago I addressed a letter to Mr. George T. 
Turner, editor of the Mark Lane Express, of London, asking for 
his opinion as to whether the Cleveland Bay still existed as a dis- 
tinct breed in that country. He replied in substance that of late 
a demand for the old sort of Cleveland Bays had sprung up, and 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 119 



the breed was in a fair way to be resuscitated. He thought there 
was material enough left to operate on, and stated, to quote his 
exact words, that "the Cleveland is undoubtedly the produce of the 
Thoroughbred horse (race horse or hunting stallion) on the North 
country cart mares; this was the origin of the breed, and it was 
created for coaching purposes. The coaches, toward the last, required 
faster horses, and these were superseded by the railway. So the 
Cleveland fell into desuetude. Now they are wanted again for fast, 
heavy town work. If a stud book were started we should see that 
material was in existence." He added that he would agitate the 
question in England. 

A week or two later there appeared in his paper, the Mark 
Lane £xftress, the following: 

" In reply to a question from a correspondent in the United States 
as to the present status of the Cleveland breed of horses in this 
country, we are of opinion that there is material enough left, espe- 
cially in Yorkshire, to form the basis of a herd book and a very 
profitable breeder's industry. The railway locomotive drove the old 
Cleveland Bay horse off the road, but the more modern type of 
Cleveland horse, or at all events Yorkshire-bred horses of the Cleve- 
land stamp, with rather more of the Thoroughbred stallion's influ- 
ence apparent, are precisely the cattle that are to be seen in the use 
of railway companies for their lighter work, especially the newly- 
appointed omnibuses which have been started by the railway com- 
panies in London, and for which the cheaper French horses hitherto 
used are neither strong enough nor fast enough. It is remarkable 
that the railway companies, which took the old Cleveland horse's 
occupation away, should be among the first to give it back again 



120 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

in a different form; but it is plain enough to any one who will 
give the necessary attention to the subject that the light van work 
of the new heavy omnibus work of the metropolis is bringing to 
London a lot of very superior and valuable horses from the north- 
ern breeding districts, which to all appearances have the old Cleve- 
land blood for their basis, and which obtain their speed and style 
from the judicious use of the blood of the Thoroughbred stallion." 
This seems to leave no room for doubt that the so-called Cleve- 
land Bay of today is being created, as was the breed when it was 
formerly considered a breed, by a mingling of the blood of the Thor- 
oughbred race horse with that of the large bay mares of Yorkshire; 
hence, while I adhere to the opinion that, properly speaking, the old 
Cleveland Bay has become extinct, as a breed, yet it is not at all 
improbable that there are still remaining in that region horses pos- 
sessing the old Cleveland Bay characteristics, and perhaps much of 
the blood that formerly belonged to that breed; and it is evident that 
the same course of breeding which originally formed the breed might 
speedily restore it from the material now remaining in that country, 
as well as in this, viz. : the use of stout, strong, and stylish Thorough- 
bred sires upon large, active, and stylish bay mares. Whatever of 
this material there may yet be in existence in Yorkshire and else- 
where in England will no doubt be utilized for this purpose, and to 
this end the new Cleveland Stud Book will certainly be of great 
service. 

FRENCH COACH HORSES. 

As early as 1780 the French Government began a systematic effort 
to improve the native horse stock of that country, especially for the 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 121 

cavalry service, by the introduction of Thoroughbred and Hunting 
stallions from England, and offering their services to the farmers 
at a merely nominal fee. From that time down to the present the 
French- Government has continued its paternal supervision of the 
horse-breeding interests of that country, introducing from year to 
year Thoroughbred stallions in considerable numbers, and selecting 
the best of the male produce resulting from the union of the im- 
ported stallions and the French mares for use in the stud. Since 
about 1840, however, the introduction of Thoroughbred stallions has 
fallen off in that portion of France devoted especially to Coach- 
horse breeding, while the number of native-bred horses selected 
for use in the stud has proportionately increased. At times, under 
the supervision of the Government, the introduction of Thorough- 
bred sires has ceased almost entirely; and again, when those in 
authority have been of the opinion that the blood of the Thorough- 
bred could still be used to advantage, fresh importations have been 
made. Some of these imported stallions left a marked impress upon 
the horse stock of the country, notably among these being the horse 
Young Rattler, imported about 1820, whose produce were especially 
remarkable for their stylish, high-headed appearance, and high, proud- 
stepping action. The get of this horse were largely selected by the 
Government agents for breeding purposes, and to him more than to 
any other one of these imported sires the present Inspector-General 
of the Government Haras, the Vicomte de la Motte-Rouge, ascribes 
the origin of the present so-called Coach horses of France. The 
foundation had been previously laid by crossing and recrossing with 
the Thoroughbred, but Young Rattler, and the stallions of his get, 

gave the qualities which the French people especially fancied for 
16 



122 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

coaching uses. Since that period this coach-horse type has received 
more largely than any other, perhaps, the fostering care and patron- 
age of the Government; and certainly very marked improvement 
has been effected, and a considerable degree of uniformity has been 
secured. The prevailing color is bay, but there are many chestnuts 
among them and blacks are occasionally seen. 

When the system of breeding above alluded to was inaugurated 
the produce of the union of the Thoroughbred sires with the French 
mares were called demi-sang (half-blood); and notwithstanding the 
"breeding-up" process which has constantly been going on for over 
one hundred years these horses are still called demi-sang, and are 
so classed in the prize lists for the horse shows of that country. 
But they are frequently spoken of in France as Normans, from the 
fact that they are chiefly bred in what was formerly known as Nor- 
mandy. 

It is only within a recent period that French Coach horses have 
attracted attention at the hands of American importers and breeders; 
the draft horses of that country having largely monopolized the 
attention of American stock-raisers traveling in France. But within 
the past two or three years the growing demand for stylish, high- 
stepping coach horses in America has led to the importation of 
French Coachers in considerable numbers. The course of breeding- 
that has produced these horses in France is much the same as that 
which has created the modern Cleveland Bay of England, the blood 
of the Thoroughbred largely predominating in both, the only differ- 
ence being in the mares that have constituted the basis. 

It must not be understood from what has been said in the fore- 
going that the breeding of Coach horses is carried on throughout 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 123 

all of France, nor that the use of Thoroughbred stallions is now dis- 
couraged by the Government. It is only in the departments of Orne, 
Calvados, Manche, Seine-Infeieure, and a part of Eure that the atten- 
tion of the Government is especially directed to the production of 
Coach horses. In the departments above named there are two Haras, 
or Government stables, one at Pin and the other at St. Lo. In 
other departments, as in Le Perche, attention is chiefly given to 
the Percheron, while the Boulonnais, the Breton and the Thorough- 
bred are encouraged elsewhere. 

It may also be of interest to note in this connection that in 
addition to the stallions owned by the Government there are two 
classes of stallions of various breeds owned by private individuals 
that may be mentioned as receiving Governmental recognition. First, 
approved stallions, which, after inspection by the authorities, are 
granted a subsidy for remaining in the country and serving mares 
at prices fixed by their owners. This subsidy amounts in the case 
of Thoroughbred stallions to from about $150 to $500 a year; 
Coach horses (demz-sang), $75 to $150 a year; and draft horses 
from $50 to $100 a year. The second class are authorized upon 
inspection to serve mares, but receive no subsidy. No stallions 
excepting those belonging to the Government, and those that are 
approved or authorized, are allowed to do stud duty. 



CLEVELAND BAY HORSE COMPETITOR. 

Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Young Candidate, son of Omar 
Pacha; dam by Emperor, son of General Benefit. Bred by William 
Taylor, of Yorkshire, England. Imported 1884, and owned by 
George E. Brown & Co., Aurora, 111. Engraved from a sketch by 
Burk, taken when the horse was five years old. 



(124) 



CLEVELAND BAY HORSE DALESMAN 2 d. 

Color, bay; foaled 1879; got by Lord Beaconsrield, son of Rose- 
bury; dam by Paulinus; 2d dam by Rimphon. Bred by John Cook, 
West Yorkshire, England; imported 18S1 by the Door Prairie Live- 
stock Association, Door Village, Incl. Engraved after a sketch from 
life by Burk. 



(126) 



CLEVELAND BAY HORSE ROYALTY 81. 

Color, bay; foaled May, 1884; got by Prince of Wales, son of 
Emperor; dam Modesty by Palestine; 2d dam Brisk by Ebor. 
Bred in Yorkshire, England; imported 1886 by his present owners, 
Stericker Bros., Springfield, 111. Royalty won many prizes in En- 
gland as a suckling and yearling, and his dam has also had a re- 
markably successful show-yard career. He is a bay without a 
white marking. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(128) 



FRENCH COACH HORSE SUPERBE. 

Color, bay; foaled 1881; got by the Government stallion Thuri- 
feraire 10306; dam Opheline by Jambes d 1 Argent; 2d dam by 
Valide. Bred by M. Pacaud, of St. Gervais, La Vendee, France. 
Imported in 1885, and owned by M. W. Dunham, Wayne, 111. En- 
graved from a sketch made by Palmer a few weeks after the horse 
was imported. Superbe was winner of a first prize and gold medal 
at the Universal Exposition at Antwerp, Belgium, 1885. 



03o) 



CHAPTER V. 



ENGLISH SHIRE OR CART HORSES. 

No point in equine history is better established than is the fact 
that to the regions bordering on the western coast of Europe, once 
known as Normandy and Flanders, the world is indebted for the 
basis of its various breeds of draft horses. Flanders especially was 
famed, away back in the middle ages, for its famous breed of Black 
horses; and this race appears to have been the prevailing one through- 
out the north of ancient Gaul and of Germany, from the mouth of 
the Rhine eastward, and Prof. Low thinks " inhabited in the wild 
state the vast region of marsh and forest which stretched all through 
Europe eastward to the Euxine sea." It was from this source that 
the rulers of Great Britain drew in large numbers for the purpose 
of increasing' the size of the horses of the Island. How or when 
this breed originated is a subject upon which history throws no light; 
but as early as the eleventh century they were largely imported into 
England, and royal edicts and regulations were repeatedly issued for 
the purpose of encouraging the use of the large stallions of this breed. 
King John imported at one time ioo choice stallions from Flanders, 
Edward II followed in the same course, and it would seem that in 
the time of Henry VIII these Flemish horses were inseparably asso- 
ciated in the British mind with the idea of immense size and mas- 



134 THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 

sive proportions, for we are told that when King Henry first saw 
the Princess Anne of Cleves, a remarkably large, coarsely-formed 
woman, who was to be his fourth spouse, he expressed his opinion 
of her by the ejaculation: "Egad, she is shaped like a great Flan- 
ders mare!" 

It is not my purpose to follow up, step by step, the several 
importations that were made, from time to time, of these heavy 
horses from Germany, Holland, and Flanders, nor to recount the 
various stages of development which resulted in the formation of 
what is now known as the Shire horse or English Cart horse. One 
of the early Earls of Huntingdon is mentioned by Prof. Low as 
having been especially active in his efforts to improve the British 
breeds of heavy horses; and Robert Bakewell, who first taught the 
world the principles of good stock-breeding, brought his great genius 
and skill to bear upon this branch of the business. He went him- 
self to Holland, where he selected several mares which he brought 
back with him to England; and by pursuing the same methods of 
careful selection, mating, and feeding by which he had achieved 
such distinguished success with other kinds of live stock, he showed 
the English people how to form a breed of draft horses which has 
since become famous the world over. Other breeders followed his 
example, and as late as the beginning of the present century im- 
portations of both stallions and mares from Flanders were by no 
means uncommon. 

At this time the black color was still a characteristic and dis- 
tinguishing feature of the heavy horses of England, as it was of the 
parent stock from across the Channel. They were of immense size, 
with great strength, but were heavy, dull, and sluggish in tempera- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 135 

ment, and slow and awkward in motion. Prof. Low, writing of these 
horses in his "Domesticated Animals of the British Islands, 1 ' says: 

u The modern English Black horse retains the general charac- 
teristics of the pre-existing race, but greatly modified. His color is 
usually a sooty black, with frequently a white lozenge-shaped mark 
on the forehead; and he has very generally one or more of the feet 
and part of the legs, and not unfrequently the muzzle, white. His 
body is massive, compact, and round; his limbs are stout, his chest 
is enormously broad, and his neck and back are short. His mane 
is thick and somewhat frizzled, and his legs below the knee and 
hock are hairy down to the heels. His whole aspect conveys the 
idea of great physical power without corresponding action. The 
main defects of his conformation and temperament are his too great 
bulk of body and want of action and mettle. For a pull with a 
heavy weight he is admirable; but he steps out short, and is slow 
in all his motions." 

In 1879 a society was organized in England for the purpose of 
preparing and publishing a stud book of the Shire or Cart horse 
of England, and in February, 1880, the first volume of the work, 
which has since grown to seven volumes, was issued. In an introduc- 
tion to the first volume of the Shire Stud Book by R. S. Reynolds, 
M. R. C. V. S., it is stated that— 

" The draft horse of the present day undoubtedly, and unfortu- 
nately, is one of mixed and impure breed; there exist few, if any, 
whose genealogy on both dam's and sire's side can be traced for 
even four generations. The assumption of an admixture of extrin- 
sic blood is made more evident by comparison of the conformation 
and color of the existing race with the Shire horse of seventy years 



136 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

ago. Authorities upon horse-breeding forty or fifty years since were 
ceaseless in their objections to the slow, ponderous movement of 
the draft horses of their clay, and strongly urged the necessity for 
crossing them with animals of more slender build, in order to attain 
increased activity and quicker pace." 

Mr. Reynolds, in the work above quoted, also says: 

"It is perhaps worthy of observation that there were, and still 
remain, some specimens of three apparently distinct types of draft 
horses exemplified by differences in the local distribution of long 
hair: 

"ist. Horses having the upper lip garnished with a long, thick 
mustache, considered at one time a distinguishing characteristic of 
the Lincolnshire horse. The color of these appendages is always 
black, white, or a mixture of the two, and invariably corresponds 
with the hue of the skin from which they spring. 

" 2d. Horses having the lips, muzzle, and eyelids destitute of 
hair. The skin in these situations, being either entirely bald or 
covered with exceedingly fine down, is almost invariably flesh- 
colored, sometimes marked with small dark spots and blotches. 
Specimens of this type may possibly have originated the appella- 
tions 'bald horse' and 'balled-faced horse.' 

" 3d. Horses having a long tuft of hair growing from the front 
of each knee, and rarer examples having also a similar growth (quite 
distinct from the ordinary hair of the back of the cannons) from 
the hind part of the hock, just below its point. Animals of this 
t)<pe are now seldom seen. In my experience they are more fre- 
quently met with in Wales than in the English shires, though no 
reason can be assigned why that is so. It is found that these peculiar 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 1 37 

hirsute growths invariably accompany a luxuriant development of 
long hair in its ordinary situations, and generally a more than ordi- 
nary strength of bone below the knees and hocks. Sex does not 
appear to exert any influence in determining the special character- 
istics of any of the three types, stallions, mares and geldings being 
equally prone to inherit these peculiarities from progenitors similarly 
possessed." 

These horses have long been extensively bred in Leicestershire, 
Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Oxfordshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Chesh- 
ire, Nottingham, Northampton, Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire; 
the last two counties named perhaps producing the most thoroughly 
characteristic and representative animals of the breed. They are of 
all colors — blacks, bays and browns predominating — and frequently 
marked with more or less white in the face, and on the feet and 
legs. The legs are heavily haired, or "feathered," as Shire-horse 
breeders express it, and an abundance of fine silky hair from knee 
or hock to fetlock is considered a mark of pure breeding. 

The importation of this great breed of heavy horses to America 
has not been pushed with as much energy, nor carried on to any- 
thing like so great an extent, as the merits of the breed would have 
justified. Occasional importations of one or two individual animals 
have been made from time to time, but it is only within the past 
five or six years that they have been imported in any considerable 
numbers. They are growing rapidly in popularity, however, in the 
great agricultural States of the Mississippi Valley, and steps have 
been taken to secure the early publication of a stud book for the 
breed in the United States, a society for that purpose having been 
organized, with Charles Burgess, of Winona, 111., as Secretary. 

iS 



ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE HONEST TOM (1105). 

Color, bay with white markings, as shown in the engraving ; foaled 
1865; got by Thumper (2123), son of Thumper (2119); dam Beauty 
by Emperor (688), son of Matchless (1509). Bred by William Wel- 
cher, and owned for several years prior to his death, which occurred 
Feb. 25, 1885, by Thomas Horrocks Miller, of Lancashire, England. 
This was, without doubt, one of the most famous stallions of his 
breed ever produced in England, he having been accorded first prize 
at the Royal Agricultural Society's Show six years in succession, 
beginning when he was two years old. His weight in show condi- 
tion is stated to have been about 2,200 lbs., and his hight was 17^2 
hands. Our engraving was made from a photograph kindly sent 
us by Mr. G. M. Sexton, for several years editor of the English 
Shire Horse Stud Book. 



(138J 



ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE BEAU NASH (2978). 

Color, brown; foaled 1881; got by Beau Chief (116), son of 
Devonshire Lad (595); dam Cardiff Lass by Britain (261). Bred 
by Mr. George Street, of Bedford, England; imported 1885 by Gal- 
braith Bros., of Janesville, Wis.; owned by M. Burke, Carlinville, 
111. Beau Nash had an almost unbroken series of victories in the 
show ring at the leading fairs of 1885, winning among other prizes 
the highest honors at the Illinois State Fair of that year. Engraved 
after a sketch by Burk taken when the horse was four years old. 



(140) 



ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE MASHER (3218). 

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Honest Tom (1105) [see page 
138], dam Trimmer by Emperor (692), son of Emperor (688); 2d 
dam by England's Glory (733). Bred by T. H. Miller, Lancashire, 
England; imported 1886, and owned by Burgess Bros., Wenona, 111. 
He was shown with great success at the leading Western fairs of 
1886, and won among other honors the first prize in the four-year- 
old class at the show of the American Shire-Horse Breeders' Asso- 
ciation in Chicago. Engraved after a sketch from life by Burk, 
showing the horse as he appeared immediately after importation. 



(142) 



ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE HOLLAND MAJOR (3135). 

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Right Sort (2483), he by Wilson's 
Noble; dam Kingston Smart by Shakespeare (2000). Bred by the 
Earl of Warwick, Warwickshire, England; imported and owned by 
George E. Brown, Aurora, 111. Holland Major has been shown with 
very great success at prominent Western fairs since his importa- 
tion, and has won several very important sweepstakes prizes, among 
his winnings being the Breeder's Gazette Gold Medal for best En- 
glish Shire stallion four years old or over, at the American Horse 
Show at Chicago, November, 1886. He is the premier sire in use 
in the extensive breeding herd of his present owner. 



044) 



ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE BLYTH BEN (4239). 

Color, gray; foaled 1883; got by Kempston (3163), son of Em 
peror 2d (2769); dam by Thumper (2136), son of Waxwork (2298). 
Bred by J. Osborn Daintree, Cambridgeshire, England; imported 
1886, and owned by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis. This horse 
was by long odds the most successful three-year-old Shire horse that 
was shown in America for the year 1886. At the great Chicago 
Show of that year he won three first prizes, among them being the 
sweepstakes of the Shire-Horse Breeders' Association for best stall- 
ion of any age. Engraved from a sketch by Burk, showing the 
horse at three years old. 



(146) 



ENGLISH SHIRE HORSE BEN LOMOND. 

Color, steel-gray; foaled 1881; got by Big Ben (Harrison's), son 
of Forshaw's Ben Lomond; dam Shy Nottingham by Bold Lincoln 
(231); 2d dam Flower by Brown Tom (343). Bred by George 
Harrison, of Nottinghamshire, England; imported 1883 by Burgess 
Bros., Winona, 111., and owned by T. J. Patterson, Farm Ridge, 111. 
Engraved from a sketch made by Burk September, 1883. Among 
other prizes Ben Lomond won first in the three-year-old ring for 
Clydesdale and Shire horses at the Illinois State Fair of 1884. 



(148) 



CHAPTER VI. 



CLYDESDALE HORSES. 

To recount the origin of the Clydesdale breed, now so popular 
and so extensively diffused throughout the United States, would 
simply be to recapitulate much of what has been written in the pre- 
ceding pages concerning the origin of the draft breeds of England, 
for they have been evolved from the same original stock and by 
substantially the same course of selection and breeding. We have 
the same origin for both breeds in the great Black horse breed of 
Flanders. We hear of their introduction first in Lanarkshire, the 
original home of the Clydesdale breed, when William, Earl of 
Douglas (one of the ancestors of the Duke of Hamilton, who in later 
years became so famous as a breeder of Clydesdales), obtained an 
especial edict of "safe conduct" from King Edward I to take "ten 
grooms and ten large horses from certain places in Scotland to 
certain places in Teviotdale in the King's dominions." This safe 
conduct was issued July i, 1352, and is the earliest positive mention 
we have of great horses in Scotland. The editor of the Clydesdale 
Stud Book, commenting on this document, says: 

"Unfortunately it does not say where the horses came from; but 
as Baliol held the Douglas estates it would appear as though they 
were to be taken from Lanarkshire into Teviotdale, then in posses- 



152 THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 

sion of the English. Douglas' quarrel with his kinsman, William of 
Douglas, the Knight of Liddesdale, whom he slew, taking possession 
of his estates; his rupture with King Edward of England, and his 
turning of Baliol out of the ancestral estates of the Douglas family 
in Liddesdale, Annandale and Clydesdale, leave little room for doubt 
that, if large horses did not exist in Lanarkshire previous to this 
date, as the extensive trade done with Flanders by the Scottish mer- 
chants leads us to believe they did, some, if not all, of the Black 
stallions found their way to Douglas Castle, in the Upper Ward of 
Lanarkshire." — (Clydesdale Stud Book, Vol. II, p. xvi.) 

Scotch authorities generally concur in naming the Upper Ward 
of Lanarkshire as the place where the Clydesdale breed was first 
brought to any considerable degree of perfection, and in the "Retro- 
spective Volume " (Vol. I) of the Clydesdale Stud Book it is stated 
that: 

"Some time between 17 15 and 1720 John Paterson, of Loch- 
lyoch, on the estate and in the parish of Carmichael, grandson of 
one John Paterson, who died at Lochlyoch in 1682, went to England 
and brought from thence a Flemish stallion, which is said to have 
so greatly improved the breed in the Upper Ward as to have made 
them noted all over Scotland. The Lochlyoch mares were famous 
in the Upper Ward during the latter half of the last and the first 
two decades of the present century; and a Mrs. Paterson, of Loch- 
lyoch, mother of the present tenant of Drumalbin, now ninety-seven 
years of age, still has recollection of a noted black mare from which 
many of the best stock in the Upper Ward are descended. The 
family tradition is strongly supported by the fact that the Patersons 
were in the habit of noting down important agricultural items from 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 153 

a very early period; and the present representative of the family, 
Mr. Paterson, of Drumalbin, has in his possession a family tree of 
all the descendants of that John Paterson who died in 1682. In* 
the year 1836, in reference to a clay's plowing given to one of the 
Patersons on leaving Lochlyoch for Drumalbin, the following remarks 
appeared in an Edinburgh newspaper, from which it will be seen 
that their claim to being the founders of the breed was then recog- 
nized. After descanting on the merits of the family and kindred 
topics, the writer proceeds: 'And it may be here worthy of remark, 
that it was a brother of Mr. Paterson's grandfather who brought 
the notable stallion from England to Lanarkshire — -the sire of the 
famous Clydesdale breed of horses of which the count)' has been so 
long and justly proud.' 1 

"What were the distinguishing features of the native breed pre- 
vious to the introduction of the Flemish horse, about 17 15, cannot 
now be definitely determined, but there can be little doubt that they 
were mostly of English origin, and of a mixed character. The old 
" drove road " from Scotland to England crosses the Clyde at Hynd- 
ford Bridge, and leads across the hills by Carmichael and Crawford- 
John — the very center of the then horse-breeding district; and the 
intercourse which the farmers would thus have with their neighbors 
from the south, and the amount of traffic done by pack-horses, would 
doubtless allow of many opportunities for selecting animals calculated 
to improve the breed. 

"Lochlyoch mares were generally browns and blacks, with white 
faces and a little white on their legs; they had gray hairs in their 
tails, occasional gray hairs over their bodies, and invariably a white 
spot on their belly, this latter being recognized as a mark of dis- 



154 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

tinct purity of blood. The mares died out at Lochlyoch about thirty 
years ago. 

" The Lochlyoch stock having been long noted in the Upper Ward 
and largely drawn upon by breeders, there is no doubt that to them, 
or, more correctly, to the black horse of 171 5, the Clydesdale horse 
owes its present distinctive character." — (Clydesdale Stud Book, Vol. 
I, p. xvii.) 

There can be no question as to the fact that there has been an 
almost constant mingling of the blood of the Shire or Cart horse 
of England with that of the Clydesdale of Scotland, and that at the 
present day the differences between the two breeds are so very slight 
that many intelligent breeders of both England and Scotland have 
urged, and continue to urge, that they should be classed as a sin- 
gle breed, and that but one stud book should be maintained for 
them. It is a well-known fact that the " English cross " can be clearly 
traced in the pedigrees of some of the most successful prize-winners 
and sires of Scotland. In 1877 the Clydesdale Society of Great 
Britain and Ireland was formed, and the compilation of the Clydes- 
dale Stud Book was at once begun. The work has lpeen vigorously 
followed up until eight volumes have been issued. This fact, taken 
in connection with the organization of the English Cart-Horse Society 
and the publication of its stud book, clearly indicates that the lines 
are to be more closely drawn hereafter, and that henceforth cross- 
ing between the heavy horses of England and Scotland will not be 
regarded with favor. 

Modern Clydesdales are of all colors, bays, browns and blacks 
predominating, although there are some grays and chestnuts, while 
white markings on face, feet and legs are quite common with all 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 155 

the colors; and, as with the Shire horse, the presence of a heavy 
growth of long, silky hair from the knee and hock to fetlock is 
regarded as a mark of quality and good blood. The)' have been 
extensively imported into the United States and Canada, and have 
exercised a very powerful influence upon the horse stock of our 
country. No other breed of draft horses, saving the Percherons, 
has been so extensively introduced, and between these two breeds 
the contest for popular favor has been waged upon very nearly equal 
terms for several years past. The question of color has always been 
a strong point in favor of the Clydesdales with American breeders 
as against their French rivals, the latter being usually gray, while 
with the former dark colors are the prevailing ones. 

The Clydesdale Society of America was organized in 1879. The 
first volume of the American Clydesdale Stud Book was issued in 
1882, and Vol. II of the work followed early in 1885. Col. Charles 
F. Mills, of Springfield, 111., has been Secretary of the Society from 
its organization, and has done a valuable service to the Clydesdale 
interest in America by compiling the records of the early importa- 
tions and preparing for publication the two volumes of the Stud 
Book that have been issued. The rules governing entries require 
that American-bred stallions and mares must trace to recorded sires 
or dams, or have four or five recorded top crosses, respectively, and 
in case of importation to be recorded in the Clydesdale Stud Book 
of Great Britain and Ireland. 



CLYDESDALE HORSE PRINCE GEORGE OF WALES 933, 
AND CLYDESDALE MARE MUSIC (4622). 

Prince George of Wales. — Color, black; foaled 1876; got by 
Prince of Wales (673), dam Jessie Brown. Bred by Lawrence Drew, 
of Scotland; imported by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis., August, 
1882. Very few Clydesdale stallions have acquired equal celebrity 
with Prince of Wales (673), and his son Prince George, as above, 
was shown with great success at many of the leading fairs of 1883 
and 1885. 

Music. — Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Lord Lyon (489); dam 
Whitley's Jess. Bred by Mr. Hunter, Stranraer, Scotland ; imported 
and still owned by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, Wis. Music gained 
very high honors as a yearling before her importation, and has five 
times carried off first honors at various Western State fairs since 
1882. Engraved from a sketch by Burk, showing the horse at six 
and the mare at two years old. 



056) 



CLYDESDALE HORSE BIDE A WEE. 

Color, bay; foaled 1881; got by Druid (1120), dam Nanny 2d 
by Farmer (284); 2d dam Nanny by Lochfergus Champion (449). 
Bred by James Milroy, Galdenoch, Stranraer, Scotland; imported and 
owned by Robert Holloway, Alexis, 111. Engraved after a sketch 
from life by Burk, showing the horse at three years old. Most 
American breeders of Clydesdales will remember the purchase of 
the celebrated Clydesdale champion Druid, in August, 1881, and his 
sudden and unexpected death in Chicago in September following, 
before he had reached Col. Holloway's stables. He was confess- 
edly the grandest Clydesdale stallion of his day, as his series of 
victories at the Highland Society's Show in 1878, 1879, and 1880, 
and at the Royal in 1879, amply attest. Bide a Wee is particularly 
rich in the Victor blood, which entered largely into the pedigree 
of Druid, and has given to the Scotch show yards so great a pro- 
portion of winners. 



('58) 



CLYDESDALE HORSE DARLING'S PRINCE. 

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Prince Imperial (1258), son of 
Dandy Jim (221); dam Darling 2d 52 by Netherby (1496); 2d dam 
Darling (500) by Young Clyde. Bred and owned by James I. 
Davidson, Balsam, Ont. Engraved from a sketch by Burk taken 
when the horse was only two years old. The Darling family, from 
which this horse is descended, is very highly prized among Clydes- 
dale breeders of this country, very few families of the breed having 
attained equal celebrity, either in the United States or Canada. 



(160) 



CLYDESDALE HORSE TURN O 1 LUCK 1825. 

Color, bay; foaled 1880; got by Blantyre (1068), son of Time 
o' Day (875); dam Bet (2979) by Young Baronet (919); 2d dam 
Betsy by Dainty Davie (211). Bred by John Loutar, Kirriemuir, 
Scotland; imported and owned by John C. Huston, Blandinsville, 111. 
Engraved after a sketch taken by Burk when the horse was four 
years old. 



(162) 



CLYDESDALE MARE DARLING 12TH AND FOAL. 

Color, bay; foaled 1878; got by Lochleven (1186), son of Cham- 
pion (1089); dam Darling 6th by Scotland's Pride; 2d dam Darling 
3d by Netherby (1494). Bred and owned by Moffat Bros., Paw 
Paw, 111. The foal is by Johnnie Lad 1445. Engraved after a sketch 
from life by Burk, taken when the mare was four years and the foal 
six months old. They belong to the same Darling family as Mr. 
Davidson's Darling Prince, on page 159 — a family that justly stands 
in very high favor among Clydesdale breeders. 



,164) 



CLYDESDALE MARE LEOLINE (695). 

Color, bay; foaled 1876; got by Paisley Jock (581), son of Con- 
queror (196); dam Maggie by Young Garibaldi (972). Bred by 
Donald McKinnon, Poteath, Scotland; imported and owned by the 
Door Prairie Live-Stock Association, Door Village, Ind. Has repeat- 
edly carried off the highest honors at leading shows on both sides 
of the Atlantic, including Indiana State Fairs of 1882 and 1884, 
Michigan and Illinois State Fairs, and National Clydesdale Show of 
1884. Engraved from a sketch by Burk taken when she was six 
years old. 



(i66j 



CLYDESDALE MARE PRINCESS 1569. 

Color, bay; foaled 1882; got by Blue Ribbon (1961), son of Darn- 
ley (222); dam Jean of Skaith (2624) by Abbey Prince (2); 2d dam 
Bell of Skaith by Prince Charlie (625). Bred by Samuef McCulloch, 
Skaith, Newton-Stewart, Scotland; imported and owned by Robert 
Holloway, Alexis, 111. Has been greatly distinguished as a prize- 
winner at leading Western fairs. Engraved from a sketch by Burk, 
taken September, 1884. 



(168) 



CLYDESDALE MARE LADY OF THE LAKE 521. 

Color, brown; foaled 1880; got by Young Blane 518, son of 
Blane (76) ; dam Maggie by Largs Jock (444), son of Old Clyde 
(574). Bred by Robert Barbour, South Kilruskin, West Kilbride, 
Scotland; imported 1881, and owned by Galbraith Bros., Janesville, 
Wis. Has been one of the most famous prize-winners of her class 
ever owned in America. Engraved after a sketch from life by 
Burk. 



(170) 



CHAPTER VII. 



PERCHERON HORSES. 

The Percheron is an ancient French breed, originally famed for 
its capacity for rapid locomotion with a heavy load, and especially 
adapted to drawing the heavy diligences or post-coaches used in 
France before the clays of the railway and locomotive. Tradition 
has long attributed to the Percheron — confessedly among the most 
active and powerful of the heavy breeds of the European Continent 
— an Oriental origin; but it was not until the researches recently 
made in the compilation of pedigrees for the first volume of the 
Percheron Stud Book of France that the extent to which the blood 
of the Orient had entered into the formation of the Percheron race 
was fully realized. What, the Darley Arabian was to the English 
Thoroughbred, and the Gray Arabian Smetanxa to the Orloff, the 
Gray Arabian Gallipoli appears to have been to the Percheron horse 
of France. Diligent and persistent inquiry into the family records 
and traditions of the best breeders of Le Perche has enabled the 
compiler of the Percheron Stud Book of France to trace definitely 
a large proportion of the most noted Percheron horses of modern 
times to this Arabian sire, that was imported about 1820. In fact, 
this Oriental blood wherever introduced, in all nations and all cli- 
mates, has been a powerful factor in effecting improvement in the 



174 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

equine race. There is every reason to believe that the Percheron, 
like the draft breeds of England and Scotland, derived its size origi- 
nally from the large Black horse breed of Flanders; but from the 
fact that gray has for many generations been the prevailing color 
it is evident that some very powerful agency has been at work, 
modifying the type until it has but little in common with this old 
parent stock except size, and this agency has undoubtedly been the 
large admixture of the blood of the Arab, and from this source the 
prevailing gray color is derived. 

Aside from the history and traditions of the country the Per- 
cheron horse himself furnishes unmistakable evidence, in his form, 
disposition, color and general chacacteristics, that he is closely allied 
to the Arab. These characteristics have been materially modified, 
it is true, and the size has been greatly increased; but, in the 
hands of the excellent horsemen of Le Perche, and under the care- 
ful and fostering supervision of the Government, which exercised a 
direct control over the selection of sires, he seems to have retained 
many of the excellent qualities of his Oriental ancestry; and this, 
added to the greatly increased size which had been attained, made 
the horses of Le Perche many years ago the wonder of the world 
for their specialty of rapid draft — their ability to move a heavy 
load at a rapid gait. 

The Percheron is chiefly bred in the departments of Eure, Orne, 
Eure et Loir, Loir et Cher, and Sarthe; and they have also found 
their way further north and toward the sea coast in the departments 
of Seine-Inferieure and Calvados, embracing almost the entire ancient 
province of Normandy; but nowhere are they found so purely bred, 
and so nearly allied to the original Percheron type, as in the five 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 175 

departments first above mentioned — their original home. In that 
part of Normandy contiguous to the coast, especially north of the 
Seine river, the Flemish element seems to have made its influence 
more strongly felt, and there the horses possess more of the Flemish 
and less of the Percheron characteristics than those bred farther 
south, in the heart of Le Perche; which will account for the diver- 
sity in the character of the horses brought to this county by our 
importers. Those who have purchased near the coast, or north of 
the river Seine, have usually obtained horses that leaned strongly 
toward the Flemish type. They are larger, coarser and more slug- 
gish, with less energy, endurance and action, than those bred in Eure 
et Loir and the adjacent departments. They are better adapted to 
heavy draft purposes than their lighter, but more hardy, active and 
stylish relatives of the interior, frequently weighing from 1,700 to 
2,000 pounds in high flesh, and producing larger horses when crossed 
upon our common stock. 

Horses of this breed, as well as those of mixed and unknown 
blood, and from different parts of France, have been extensively 
imported into the United States, and have been variously known as 
Percherons, Percheron-Normans, Norman-Percherons, Normans and 
French horses; and this multiplicity of names, which is very per- 
plexing to the uninitiated, has led to no small amount of controversy. 
A society for the purpose of securing the publication of a stud book 
for this breed was organized in February, 1876, and the first volume 
of its stud book appeared in September of the same year. This 
Society has the honor of being the oldest draft-horse breeders' asso- 
ciation in existence; and its stud book, of which three volumes have 
been published, ante-dates all other draft-horse stud books. The com- 



176 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

pound Percheron-Norman was adopted by this Society as a com- 
promise name at its annual meeting in February, 1878. 

But very few were satisfied with the unwieldy compound. Peo- 
ple continued to call them Percherons, French horses, or Normans, 
as habit dictated, and the confusion continued as great as ever, until 
the organization of the Societe Hippique Percheronne in France, in 
July, 1883, and the publication of a Percheron Stud Book in that 
country furnished an easy solution of the difficulty; and the Ameri- 
can Society at its next meeting thereafter, held in November, 1883, 
wisely decided to adopt and adhere to the only name by which the 
breed is recognized in its native country. At this meeting it was 
also ordered that no animals imported after Jan. 1, 1884, should be 
recorded in the Stud Book of the Society unless previously recorded 
in the Percheron Stud Book of France. All draft horses imported 
as Percherons or Normans prior to that date are eligible, and all 
animals bred in this country showing five top crosses to recorded 
stock may also be recorded. Foals from recorded dams, got by 
recorded sires, are also eligible. 

The organization of the Percheron Society of France and the 
publication of a stud book for the breed in that country will doubt- 
less do much toward preserving its purity; and if this book shall be 
honestly and carefully managed, as I have every reason to think it 
will be, it will afford a guarantee as to purity of lineage which has 
hitherto been sadly lacking. Most of the horses bought by Ameri- 
can importers from dealers in the large cities of France have doubt- 
less possessed a good share of Percheron blood, but there has hitherto 
been no means of ascertaining the facts. Our importers have had 
to rely solely upon their own eyes and the integrity of French horse- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 177 

dealers; and the dealers of Paris, Rouen, Dieppe, Havre and other 
French cities are no more reliable and scrupulous than the average 
horse-dealer in other parts of the world. Those who have gone 
direct to the district which was once known as Le Perche, now 
comprised in the Departments of Eure et Loir, Loir et Cher, and 
Sarthe, where Percheron horses have for generations been bred in 
their purity, and where the fame of the Percheron race is still 
guarded as a priceless treasure, have always been reasonably sure 
of obtaining Percheron horses. But the Societe Hippique Perche- 
ronne, which is managed by able men of high reputation, and under 
very strict rules, will hereafter furnish a directory of blood which 
few honest importers will care to ignore, and the result cannot fail 
to add to the popularity of the breed in both France and America. 
Three volumes of the Percheron Stud Book of France have been 
issued, the last volume containing about 5,000 pedigrees. The 
fourth volume of the American Percheron Stud Book is now being- 
compiled by the Secretary of the Association, S. D. Thompson, of 
Wayne, 111. 



-3 



PERCHERON HORSE BRILLIANT (755). 

Color, black; foaled 1876; got by Brilliant (756), son of Coco 
2d (714); clam Ragout by Favori 1st (711), son of Vieux-Chaslin 
(713); 2d dam Aline by Coco (712), son of Mignonne (715)- Bred 
by Ernest Pierriot, of Nogent-le-Rotrou, France. Imported and 
owned by M. W. Dunham, Wayne, 111. Engraved after a sketch 
from life by Rosa Bonheur; redrawn on wood by Burk. This 
horse has gained a high reputation as a sire on both sides of the 
Atlantic, and is the chief breeding stallion in use (1886) in Mr. 
Dunham's well-known Oaklawn stables. He has been in constant 
use in the stud from the time he was three years old, and conse- 
quently has seldom been in the show ring; but at the great Per- 
cheron Horse Show held in Chicago September, 1886, he was 
awarded the highest honors for stallion with his get, and at the 
American Horse Show at Chicago, November of the same year, 
was awarded the Breeder's Gazette champion medal for best Per- 
cheron stallion of an) 7 age. 



(178) 



PERCHERON HORSE CHERI (2423). 

Color, gray; foaled 1881; got by Bayard, son of Duke de Char- 
tres (721); dam Mignonne by Coco 2d (714), son of Vieux-Chaslin 
(713). Bred by M. Caget, Department of Orne, France. Imported 
and owned by W. L. Ellwood, De Kalb, 111. Cheri traces to Coco 
2d, through both sire and dam, as Duke de Chartres was also by 
that celebrated sire. He has been greatly distinguished as a prize- 
winner, having been awarded among other honors the highest prize 
at the Government Show at Chartres, France, in 1885, and three 
first prizes at the Illinois State Fair of 1886. He is at this date 
(1886) the premier sire in use at the extensive breeding establish- 
ment of Mr. Ellwood. Engraved after a sketch from life by Burk, 
showing the horse at four years old. 



(180) 



PERCHERON HORSE GLADIATEUR (2158). 

Color, gray; foaled 1882; got by Cheri, son of Cheri, and he by 
Count (736) ; dam Carabie by Selim (749). Bred by M. Fromentin 
in the Department of Eure et Loir, France. Imported and owned 
by Leonard Johnson, East Castle Rock, Minn. Engraved after a 
sketch from life by Burk, taken February, 1886. 



(1S2) 



PERCHERON MARE DOLPHIN 1072 AND HER FOAL. 

Color, gray; foaled 1878; got by Favori (725), son of Favori 1st 
(711); dam Pauline by Superior 454, son of Favori 1st (711); 2d 
dam Robine by Vieux-Chaslin (713). Bred in Department of Orne, 
France; imported 1880, and owned by Daniel Dunham, Wayne, 111. 
This mare is registered in the Percheron Stud Book of France as 
Favorite (1356). The foal by her side in the engraving is Star 
4026, and was got by Marquis (774)- Engraved after a sketch 
from life by Burk taken when the mare was eight years and the 
foal six months old. 



(1S4) 



■■■MM 




PERCHERON HORSE CONDE 3574. 

Color, gray; foaled 1879; imported from France 1882 by Capt. 
T. Slattery, of Onarga, 111., and for several years kept at the head 
of his breeding stud; owned (1886) by Stevens & Smith, Rossville, 111. 



(.86) 



PERCHERON HORSE CESAR (601). 

Color, gray; foaled 1882; got by Vaillant (404), he by Prosper, 
son of Decidi; dam the Percheron mare Julie (4887). Bred by M. 
Durand, Department of Orne, France. Imported 1884 by M. W. 
Dunhan, Wayne, 111., and sold by him to Hitchcock & Collier, St. 
Louis, Mo. This horse was a remarkably successful prize-winner 
both in France and America, and was regarded by Mr. Dunham as 
one of the very best Percheron horses ever imported by him. En- 
graved after a sketch from life by Rosa Bonheur, made August, 1884. 



(188) 



PERCHERON HORSE CHEER (1404). 

Color, black; foaled 1878; got by Brilliant (756) [see page 179], 
dam Robine by Coco 2 (714), son of Vieux-Chaslin (713). Bred in 
Eure et Loir, France. Imported 1881 by L. Johnson, East Castle 
Rock, Minn.; owned by W. N. Johnson, Aberdeen, Dak. 



(190) 



GROUP OF PERCHERONS. 

The engraving on the opposite page represents a side view of 
the Percheron horse Brilliant (see page 179), with the Percheron 
mare Francina (1577) and two young foals. Francina (1577) is a 
gray, foaled 1878; got by Philibert (760), son of Superior (730); 
dam Margot (795) by Favori 1st (711). The two foals are Black 
Bart and Fortuna, both by Brilliant. The mare Francina was bred 
near Nogent-le-Rotrou, France, and was imported by M. W. Dun- 
ham, Wayne, 111., who owns the entire group. For pedigree of 
Brilliant see page 176. Engraved after a sketch from life by Palmer 
taken August, 1885. 



(l 9 2) 



ill 




CHAPTER VIII. 



OTHER BREEDS OF HORSES. 

There are several other breeds in addition to those especially 
mentioned in the preceding chapters that should be noticed in detail, 
if it had been my purpose to include in this work a complete de- 
scription of all the known breeds of the world, but I have chosen 
rather to confine it to such as are recognized and known in our 
own country. Among these I may mention briefly: 

The Suffolk Punch, of England, especially distinguished as an 
agricultural horse in that country, uniformly of a chestnut or sorrel 
color, not so large as the Shire horses or Clydesdales, but com- 
pactly built, round-bodied, short-legged horses, rather light-boned for 
their weight, and with the general reputation of being rather defect- 
ive in the feet, especially when used upon hard roads or stony streets, 
but in this respect greatly improved of late years. This is perhaps 
the best established of all the so-called agricultural breeds of Great 
Britain, but the) 7 are not so universally popular even there as the 
Clydesdale and Shire horses. It is possible that the fact that other 
countries (especially our own) have not appeared to demand horses 
of the Suffolk type has had something to do with their popularity 
in their own country. Very few of them have been brought to the 
United States, and such as have been imported appear to have 
attracted but little attention. A stud book has been instituted for 



196 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

this breed in England, and several volumes have been published 
within the past six years. 

The Boulonnais is a heavy draft breed, found principally north 
of the river Seine, and near the sea coast in Northwestern France, 
once the home of the old Flemish breed, and evidently possessing 
much of the old Flemish character. They are of all colors, but 
frequently gray, like the Percherons, and are usually larger, coarser 
and less active than their relatives of Le Perche; but there is no 
doubt of the fact that when the demands of commerce began to 
call for greater size and heavier bone than was characteristic of the 
ancient Percheron race, the Boulonnais blood was largely called upon 
to furnish it. It is quite probable that many of the French horses 
brought to this country and sold as Normans or Percheron-Nor- 
mans more properly belong to this Boulonnais breed. 

The Shetland Ponies, too well known to need any description 
in a work of this nature, take their name from the Shetland Islands, 
where they originated, doubtless through the effect of the bleak cli- 
mate and scanty subsistence to which the original specimens of the 
race have been for ages subjected upon these islands. They are 
also bred in considerable numbers in the north of Scotland. The 
spotted or parti-colored characteristic so common among these ponies 
would seem to indicate an origin common with the ponies which 
inhabit the Himalaya Range, to which allusion is made on page 18 
of this work. There are other comparatively diminutive races, as 
the Welsh or Exmoor ponies, the Norwegian ponies, and others of 
Europe and Asia, but a description of each and all of them would 
be more interesting to the student of natural history than to the 
practical American breeder. 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 197 

The Mustangs, or wild horses, that were found upon the plains 
of Texas and New Mexico, and elsewhere on our own continent, 
are a tough, hard} T and usually ill-tempered race of small horses, 
remarkably agile and sure-footed, and have descended from the origi- 
nal Spanish stock brought to Mexico by the Spaniards in their early 
efforts at the conquest of that country. The spotted or pie-bald 
color, so often found among these horses, probably comes from a 
cross with the horses of the mountain region north and east of Per- 
sia, through the original Spanish stock. The Indian ponies, so com- 
mon in our western Territories, have undoubtedly the same origin, 
and many of them, especially those that have been bred in the higher 
latitudes, approximate very closely the form and size of the Shet- 
land pony. The hardiness aud powers of endurance of many of 
these horses are simply marvelous; but these valuable qualities are 
largely neutralized by ill-temper and lack of size. When tamed and 
broken they are especially adapted for use in herding cattle upon 
the great ranches of our western plains, and for this purpose the 
genuine Mustang is the chief reliance of the herdsman. They are 
bred, herded and branded in about the same manner as that prac- 
ticed by our western ranchmen with their immense herds of cattle. 
Thoroughbred sires, as well as stallions of the various draft breeds, 
have been used upon Mustang mares with excellent results in most 
cases. 



GROUP OF SHETLAND PONIES. 

Imported and owned by Eli Elliott & Co., West Liberty, la. 



(i 9 8) 



GROUP OF SHETLAND PONIES. 

Imported and owned by Wilcox & Liggett, Benson, Minn. 



(200) 



CHAPTER IX. 



SHORT-HORN (OR DURHAM) CATTLE. 

The Short-horn (or Durham, as formerly called) is certainly 
the most generally disseminated, and is probably the oldest of our 
improved breeds of cattle. Its original home was in the valley of 
the river Tees, in the County of Durham, in the north of England; 
hence the name Durham has been frequently, and is still in many 
places, used as the name of the breed. In the early history of the 
breed they were also often called Teeswater cattle. While the exist- 
ence of this breed is clearly traced back to the early part of the 
eighteenth century, its written history may be fairly said to begin 
with the breeding operations of Charles and Robert Colling, about 
1780; and from that time on it has had a recognized place in the 
agricultural literature of Great Britain. 

Mr. L. F. Allen, the American historian of the Short-horn breed, 
after establishing the fact of its existence in the regions above men- 
tioned as far back as 1720, and tracing it down to about the mid- 
dle of the eighteenth century, says: "This brings us forward to a 
period at which some intelligent inkling is had of the existence of 
Short-horn cattle in the hands of known breeders, and of an excel- 
lence in style, weight and quality commanding the attention of agri- 
cultural historians, and at about which date the lineage of the known 



204 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

ancestors of our later Short-horn tribes or families can, with a consid- 
erable degree of certainty, be traced. It is possible that some errors, 
both of fact and inference, may have crept into the various accounts 
in those early days of Short-horn breeding; but we have sufficient 
evidence of the antiquity of the race and the lines in which they 
had descended down to the year 1750. 

"The colors of the cattle in those clays were red, of different 
shades, red-and-white, pure white, frequently white on the body with 
roan necks and heads, and roan of red-and-white intermixed over 
the body, or in patches, with either more of the white or of the 
red prevailing as now. What was their exact quality, style or sym- 
metry, as compared with the choice Short-horns of the present time, 
it is difficult to say, as we have no accurate portraits of them; but 
that they combined the main points of excellence belonging to the 
race as now recognized, and in which still higher improvements 
over them have been made in the cattle of late years, we can have 
little doubt." — (Allen's "History of Short-horns," page 27.) 

It appears that about the middle of the eighteenth century some 
attention began to be paid to pedigree, and from that time on 
many of the breeders kept some sort of a record of their breeding 
operations. Indeed the Studley bull (626), bred by Mr. Sharter, 
of Chilton, to which many of the old Short-horn pedigrees trace, 
was calved in the year 1737, and Mr. Allen in his history gives the 
names of some thirty bulls that are recorded in the Short-horn Herd 
Book as having lived prior to 1780, the period when the written 
history and record of the breed may be said to have begun. As 
in almost if not quite all foundation records for the various breeds 
of live stock, the information is meager as to the maternal ancestry 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 205 

of these early sires, but the inference is clear that they were mainly 
cows belonging to the best established herds of the region in which 
the bulls were bred. 

It is not known from whence the original stock of cattle in the 
valley of the Tees, which afterward developed into the Short-horn 
breed, derived their superiority over other strains. It has been very 
positively asserted that in the formative steps of the breed several 
importations of Dutch cattle were made. Culley, writing in 1785, 
says: "I remember Mr. Michael Dobison, of the Isle, Sedgefield, 
who went in the early part of his life into Holland in order to buy 
bulls. Those he brought over, I have been told, did much service 
in improving the breed; and this Mr. Dobison and his neighbors, 
even in my clay, were noted for having the best breeds of Short- 
horned cattle, and sold their bulls and heifers for great prices." 
And Mr. Thornton, in his "Short-horn Circular" (Vol. I, page 163), 
supplements the foregoing from Culley by stating that " Sir William 
St. Quintin and Sir James Pennyman had stock of this Dutch blood. 
Coates, in the fifth volume of the Herd Book, gives the final cross 
of Bates' Wild Eyes tribe thus: 'Descended from Mr. Michael Dobi- 
son's stock, which he purchased in Holland above a century ago. 1 " 

The Collings, Robert and Charles, began breeding Short-horns 
with a definite purpose of improvement, and clear ideas of what 
constituted bovine excellence, about 1780, and soon acquired such 
wide reputation for the superiority of their stock that bulls of their 
breeding were eagerly sought after by the farmers of the adjacent 
country, and for these bulls they were able to command what was 
then considered enormous prices. Their breeding operations were 
carried on with rare good judgment, and in their hands the im- 



206 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

provement of the breed and its growth in popular favor was rapid. 
One of the earliest and most famous of the sires used by them was 
a short-legged, yellowish red-and-white bull called Hubback (319), 
calved 1777, bred by John Hunter, and descended from one of the 
herds into which, it is alleged, the Dutch blood had been introduced. 
So popular did the descendants of this bull become in later years, 
and so great was supposed to have been his influence in creating 
what was thought to be the highest type of the improved Short- 
horn in the early part of the nineteenth century, that the eminent 
Short-horn breeder Thomas Bates, who became prominent as a 
breeder about the time the Collings were leaving the field, expressed 
the opinion that no animal ought to be admitted to the Herd Book 
as a Short-horn that did not trace to Hubback. Charles Colling, 
however, bred a bull calved 1794, called Favorite (252), that was 
a greater favorite than ever Hubback had been. He was used 
indiscriminately upon his own offspring down to the third genera- 
tion, and probably had a more potent influence in fixing the type 
of the breed than any other single bull that has been produced. 
He was larger than the average Short-horn of his day, was a light 
roan color, possessed wonderful vigor and a strong constitution, and 
was used as a breeding bull for some thirteen years. The fact that 
Mr. Chas. Colling at one time introduced the blood of the Scotch 
Galloway into a portion of his herd has been the theme of consider- 
able discussion in Short-horn breeding circles. This Galloway cross 
was introduced through a bull known as Grandson of Bolingbroke 
(280), who possessed one-fourth of the blood of the Scotch Galloway; 
and this Galloway cross is commonly alluded to as the "alloy" intro- 
duced by Mr. Colling. But the fraction of this "alloy" blood which 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 207 

entered into the composition of this Grandson of Bolingbroke was 
so small that it long ago ceased to be of any material importance 
in estimating the value of Short-horn pedigrees, and is scarcely 
worth alluding to now except as a matter of history. 

Since the days of the Collings there have been many eminent 
breeders who have devoted their energies to the work of effecting 
improvement in the breed and who have left the impress of their 
judgment upon the forms of the Short-horns as bred by them. 
Among these may be mentioned the names of Thomas Bates and 
Thomas Booth, Sr., both of whom came upon the stage of active 
life as stock-breeders about the time the Collings left it, and who 
each founded families or strains of Short-horns which to this day 
bear their respective names. 

But while the Kirklevington (Bates) Herd is known throughout 
the Short-horn world by its Duchess, Oxford, Wild Eyes, Barring- 
ton and other tribes, and while the Killerby, Studley, and Warlaby 
(Booth) collections will ever be memorable as the nurseries of such 
show-yard celebrities as Isabella, Bride Elect, Bracelet, Necklace, 
Queen of the May, or Lady Fragrant, there are many other of the 
older herds to which the breed as it exists today is very largely 
indebted. But Thomas Bates and the Booths had the skill to so 
manipulate the material afforded by contemporary herds as to pro- 
duce a class of cattle possessing in each case a uniformity of type 
that caused them to be much sought for as breeding stock; more 
modern instances of success under similar methods being afforded 
by the Sittyton Herd of Mr. Amos Cruickshank, of Aberdeenshire, 
Scotland, and by the Rose of Sharons as bred by the late Abram 
Renick, of Clark Co., Ky. 



2o8 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

The breed was probably introduced into America almost imme- 
diately after it came into prominence in Great Britain, but in the 
absence of public record it is impossible to fix exact dates. It was 
not until after the war of 1812 that they were brought over in 
sufficient numbers to make much impression. The Sanders impor- 
tation of 181 7 (popularly known as "the Seventeens "), the Powel 
and Whitaker importations from 1820 to 1837, the Ohio importa- 
tions of 1834-36, and Dun & Smith of 1833 to 1836 — the most 
considerable within these dates — may be considered as having formed 
the foundation of the breed in this country. 

The literature of the Short-horn breed is voluminous, and to 
works especially devoted to this subject the reader is referred for 
further particulars. Among these we may mention Bell's "History 
of Bates Cattle," Carr's "History of Booth Cattle," Rev. W. Holt 
Beever's "Short-horn Tribes," Allen's "History of Short-horns," 
William Warfield's "History of Imported Short-horns," George W. 
Rust's "History of Imported Short-horn Cows " (contributed to the 
Breeder' 1 s Gazette), and the Short-horn Herd Books of Great Britain 
and America. The former was founded in 1822, and since that time 
thirty-one volumes have been issued. The first volume of the Amer- 
ican Short-horn Herd Book was published in 1843, and has since 
grown to thirty -one volumes. 

The Short-horn breed was originally famed for a combination 
of beef-producing and dairy qualities, making it, as its advocates 
claimed, especially adapted to the wants of the general farmer; and 
the qualities that originally distinguished it are still retained to a 
large degree. In the hands of some breeders they have been made 
to assume the lower, blockier form that is supposed to indicate the 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 209 

highest degree of excellence in a beef-producing animal, while with 
others the tendency has been to a higher degree of excellence in 
the dairy. But amid these slight modifications and variations the 
breed still retains its distinctive, characteristic type, and in point of 
size is probably the largest of our breeds of cattle. Its colors have 
always been red and white, with various blendings of these two 
colors. Many of the best among the early Short-horns were pure 
white, but that color has lost caste of late, and red is especially fan- 
cied in this country. In England, however, the roan color is much 
more common than any other, and this peculiar blending of the red 
and white, popularly called roan, is rarely if ever seen in any ani- 
mal of the bovine race which does not possess some portion of the 
Short-horn blood. 

27 



GROUP OF SHORT-HORNS. 

The ioth Duchess of Geneva (a roan of May 15, 1867,) and 
her famous son Earl Bective's Duke of Underley (33745), shown on 
the opposite page, serve to recall the world-famous public sale of 
the Walcott-Campbell herd of Bates Duchesses at New York Mills, 
Sept. 10, 1873, at which the highest prices ever attained by animals 
of any breed of cattle were reached through extraordinary compe- 
tition between English and American buyers. Six Duchesses fell 
to English bidders at a total of $147,100, an average of $24,517 
■per head! and eight to American breeders for $115,300, an average 
of $14,412.50; the total fetched by the fourteen lots (three of which 
were bulls) being $262,400! The ioth Duchess of Geneva (in calf 
to 2d Duke of Oneida) went to Lord Bective, Underley Hall, West- 
moreland, at $35,000 (the produce being the Duke of Underley). 
Highland Flower (shown in the center background of our picture) 
was a roan of August, 1868, got by Mountain Chief (20303), out of 
Clarence Flower by Fitz-Clarence (14552). She was bred by Mr. 
Torr, of Aylesby, who built up a very celebrated herd of Booth 
extraction, and was sold at his sale of Sept. 2, 1875, to Rev. T. Stani- 
forth, of Storrs, Windermere, England, for $7,500. The engraving- 
is after reproductions by Burk from Williams' "Etchings of Cele- 
brated Short-horns." 



(210) 



SHORT-HORN COW GOLDEN THISTLE. 

Color, roan; calved Nov. 4, 1881; bred by Amos Cruickshank, 
Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; imported by James I. Davidson, 
Balsam, Ont.; property of Col. W. A. Harris, Linwood, Leavenworth 
Co., Kan.; got by Roan Gauntlet (35284), dam Golden Lady (of 
Mr. Cruickshank 's Brawith Bud tribe) by Champion of England 
(17526); 2d dam Golden Princess by Lord Raglan (13244). Re- 
corded in American Short-horn Herd Book, Vol. XXVI. Engraved 
after a sketch from life bv Palmer. 



(212) 




ihhI! 



m 



SHORT-HORN BULL BENVENUTO'S BOOTH 68378. 

Color, red; calved April 16, 1883; bred by B. P. & S. D. Goff, 
Winchester, Ky. ; got by Major Booth 30240, dam Benvenuto's 
Queen (A. H. B., Vol. XXIX) by Benvenuto 16275; 2d dam Queen 
of the Realm by Star of the Realm 11 021; 3d dam imp. Forest 
Queen, a very noted Aylmer-Booth cow imported by the Hon. M. 
H. Cochrane, sold at Abram Vanmeter's sale of Aug. 2, 1873, for 
$2,000, and the dam of the late Gen. Meredith's famous show bull 
Forest Napier 11973. Benvenuto's Booth now stands at the head 
of the Riverdale Herd of Mr. S. E. Prather, Springfield, 111., the 
engraving being from a painting from life by Burk, showing the 
animal after he had just turned three years of age. 



(214) 



GROUP OF SHORT-HORN CALVES. 

Duke of Flat Creek, Duchess of Flat Creek, and Duchess of 
Flat Creek 2d; bred by the Messrs. Hamilton, of Flat Creek, near 
Mount Sterling, Ky. All three descend in the Bates Duchess line; 
the bull calf being a son of the well-known Barrington Duke 37624, 
having for dam the $7,525 heifer Airdrie Duchess 10th. The heifers 
are from Airdrie Duchess 2d and Airdrie Duchess 5th (of the 10th 
Duchess of Airdrie's family), and were sired by 23d Duke of Airdrie 
(41350) [late the property of C. Hills & Son, Delaware, O.] and 
imp. Grand Duke of Geneva (28756), so long in service at Flat 
Creek. Group sketched from life by Burk in 1882. 



(216) 



SHORT-HORN BULL 4 th DUKE OF CLARENCE (33597). 

Color, roan; calved Oct. 28, 1874; bred by Col. Gunter, Weth- 
erby Grange, England; imported and used in the Bow Park Herd, 
Brantford, Ont., Can., Thomas Nelson & Sons, proprietors; got 
by 1 8th Duke of Oxford (25995), dam the Bates Duchess cow 
Duchess 109th by 2d Duke of Claro (21576); 2d dam Duchess 
100th by 3d Duke of Wharfdale (21619), etc. Engraved from a 
painting by Cross. 



(218; 



SHORT-HORN BULL IMP. VON TROMP 54160. 

Color, red; calved Dec. 11, 1881; bred by Amos Cruickshank, 
Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; imported by James I. Davidson, 
Balsam, Ont.; sold by him to J. H. Potts & Son, Jacksonville, 111.; 
by them to Shephard, Hill & Mathers, of same place, and at their 
dispersion sale in June, 1886, purchased by Messrs. Wilcox & Liggett, 
Benson, Minn.; got by Barmpton (37763), dam Victoria 45th by 
Caesar Augustus (25704); 2d dam Victoria 42d by Forth (17866), 
etc. Von Tromp was the sweepstakes Short-horn show bull of 1885. 
Sketched by Burk from life. 



(220) 



A SHORT-HORN SHOW HERD. 

Exhibited with considerable success in the West during the fair 
seasons of 1882 and 1883 by Mr. J. H. Croft, Jr., of Varna, 111. 
Engraving prepared from sketches from life by Burk. 



(222) 



SHORT-HORN^ COW COUNTESS BICKERSTAFFE 

AND CALF. 

Color, red; calved March 4, 1881; bred by W. T. Hearne, Lee's 
Summit, Mo.; sold by him to Col. T. S. Moberley, Richmond, Ky.; 
got by Kirklevington Oxford 32983, dam Lady Bickerstaffe 4th (A. 
H. B., Vol. XXVI) by Bell Duke 22107; 2cI dam Lad y Bickerstaffe 
2d by Fulgens 23204; 3d dam imp. Lady Bickerstaffe by Duke of 
Hillhurst (28401), etc., in the Bell-Bates Bickerstaffe line. Engraved 
after a sketch from life by Burk. 



(224) 



SHORT-HORN BULL DICK TAYLOR OF GLEN- 
WOOD 50737. 

Color, red; calved Oct. 8, 1882; bred by Thomas & Smith, of 
North Middletown, Ky.; property of Messrs. C. C. Blish & Son, 
Lee Side Herd, Kewanee, 111.; got by Geneva Bates 39075 (he by 
Royal Bates 36872 out of the Phyllis show cow Conquest 2d); clam 
Beck Taylor 6th (Vol. XX) by Thorndale Duke 15592 (Bates- 
topped Bloom); 2d dam Beck Taylor by the famous Vanmeter 
Young Phyllis show bull Dick Taylor 5508, etc., to imp. Young 
Mary by Jupiter (2170). Dick Taylor of Glenwood was shown with 
his get successfully at the fairs of 1886. Among his triumphs that 
year being sweepstakes at Iowa State Fair for bulls with their get. 
Our picture shows him in his two-year-old form, sketched from life 
by Burk. 



k 226) 



GROUP OF SHORT-HORN HEIFERS. 

Rose of Richland 6ist, Rose of Richland 64th, and Rose of Rich- 
land 65th (the heifers shown on the opposite page) are reds, belong- 
ing to a branch of the famous Rose of Sharon tribe, bred with great 
success by the Hon. Mark S. Cockrill, of Nashville, Tenn., the owner 
of the leading Short-horn herd of the States south of Kentucky. 
(See A. H. B., Vol. XXVII.) The first-named heifer (shown in the 
foreground) was the last calf sired by Mr. Cockrill's Duchess bull 
5th Duke of Hillhurst 22805, anc ^ had ^ or dam R° se °f Richland 
5th by Derby 7800. The 64th and 65th of same name are own 
sisters in blood, both being sired by the Renick Rose of Sharon 
bull Poppy 's Airdrie 40316, out of Rose of Richland cows by the 
5th Duke of Hillhurst. Sketched from life by Burk (1884). 



(228) 



SHORT-HORN BULL BARON VICTOR 42824. 

Color, red; calved Nov. 9, 1880; bred by Amos Cruickshank, 
Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; imported by James I. Davidson, 
Balsam, Ontario, Can.; property of Col. W. A. Harris, Linwood, 
Leavenworth Co., Kan.; got by Barmpton (37763), dam Victoria 
58th by Pride of the Isles (35072); 2d dam Victoria 43d by Cham- 
pion of England (17526), etc., through the Cruickshank-Victoria line 
to the famous Lady Maynard. Shown with his get at prominent 
Western fairs with success, and the chief stock bull at Linwood. 
Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(230) 




fljl 1 i || KiMK4l»^ 



SHORT-HORN BULL 33 d DUKE OF AIRDRIE 50833. 

Color, red; calved Sept. 24, 1880; bred by A. J. Alexander, 
Woodburn Farm, Spring Station, Ky.; purchased at his sale June 
24, 1882, by T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Neb., for $2,650; bought 
at public sale at Dexter Park, Chicago, November, 1884, for $3,100, 
by Mr. Martin Flynn, of Walnut Grove, Des Moines, la.; got by 
2d Duke of Barrington 50877 (Duke-topped Bates-Barrington), dam 
21st Duchess of Airdrie (Vol. XXV) by exported 24th Duke of 
Airdrie (36460), [sold to Mr. Geo. Fox, of Elmhurst Hall, England, 
at a long price]; 2d dam 17th Duchess of Airdrie by 10th Duke 
of Thorndale (28458), etc., through Mr. Alexander's Airdrie branch 
of the Bates-Duchess tribe. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(232) 



SHORT-HORN BULL DOUBLE GLOSTER 55406 WITH 
THREE OF HIS GET. 

Imp. Double Gloster 55406 (49383) is a red of Feb. 11, 1883; 
bred by Amos Cruickshank, Sittyton, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; im- 
ported as a calf by James I. Davidson, Balsam, Ont.; selected by- 
Col. W. A. Harris, of Linwood, Kan., for use in his herd, but trans- 
ferred to the Blue Valley ranch of Wm. P. Higinbotham, Manhattan, 
Kan., at a cost of $1,000; got by Barmpton (37763), dam 24th 
Duchess of Gloster by Lord of the Isles (40218); 2d dam 21st 
Duchess of Gloster by Barmpton Prince (32995), etc., through Cham- 
pion of England, Lord Raglan, The Baron, imp. Duke of Gloster, 
and Usurer to Earl Ducie's Chaff, a lineal descendant of the famous 
old-time cow Robert Colling's Magdalena by the $5,000 Comet 
(155). The young bull on the left is Grand Duke of Gloster, and 
the heifers on the right 6th and 10th Grand Duchesses of Gloster; 
all sired by the imported bull from cows in the Blue Valley Herd. 
Sketched from life by Burk, summer of 1886. 



(234) 



SHORT-HORN BULL iith DUKE OF ATHOL 38284. 

Color, red; calved Nov. 1, 1880; bred by J. N. Brown's Sons, 
Grove Park, Berlin, Sangamon Co., 111.; property of Col. W. H. 
Fulkerson, Jerseyville, 111.; got by Atlantic 31658 (of the Grove Park 
Illustrious show family), dam Lady of Athol nth (Vol. XVIII) by 
Knightley Wiley 26989; 2d dam Lady of Athol 9th by Oxford Bates 
24210, etc., to the imported Bates-Barrington cow Lady of Athol 
by Duke of Athol (10150). Sketched from life by Burk. 



(236) 



SHORT-HORN COW WATER SPRITE. 

Color, roan; calved Jan. 25, 1874; bred by Charles E. Coffin, 
Muirkirk, Md.; sold by him to A. B. Conger, Haverstraw, N. Y. ; 
by him to Albert Crane, Durham Park, Kan., and by him to Messrs. 
Bill & Burnham, Manhattan, Kan.; got by the imported Booth bull 
Lord Abraham (29056), dam Water Nymph (Vol. XII) by imp. 
Royal Briton (27351); 2d dam Water Lily (bred by W. Torr, of 
Aylesby Manor, England, and imported by Walcott & Campbell, of 
New York Mills) by the famous Breastplate (19337). The family 
to which this cow belongs is one of the most distinguished in Booth 
Short-horn history, the foundation being the Bates-bred Waterloos, 
which Mr. Torr topped out (with great success) by the best Booth 
sires. No less than forty females of this family were entered in 
Mr. Torr's catalogue of 1868, and at the Aylesby sale in 1875 twenty- 
one head of this sort sold for over $25,000, an average of about 
$1,200 each. Sketched from life by Burk, 1883. 



(238) 



PURE-BRED SHORT-HORN BULLOCK SCHOOLER. 

Color, roan; calved Dec. 16, 1881; bred by Mr. B. P. Schooler, 
of Bourbon Co., Ky. ; fed and exhibited at the Kansas City and 
Chicago Fat-Stock Shows of 1883, 1884, and 1885, by Messrs. Mor- 
row & Renick, Clintonville, Ky. ; got by the Renick Rose of Sharon 
bull 10346 Poppy's Airdrie, dam the Young Mary cow Miss Byron 
by Frank Hunt 5650; 2d dam Alice Byron by Princeton 2d 6072, 
etc. A prize-taker; one of the most noted steers of the Short-horn 
breed ever exhibited at these shows, and, while not so successful a 
winner as the remarkable white Bow Park bullock Clarence Kirk- 
levington, in the opinion of nearly all good judges entitled to rank 
;as one of the best bullocks ever seen at these shows. His weight 
at 1,425 days (three years) was 2,210 lbs. Sketched from life by 
Burk, 1885. 



(240) 



PURE-BRED YEARLING SHORT-HORN BULLOCK 

CLEVELAND. 

Color, roan; bred and shown at the American Fat-Stock Show 
of 1885 by Messrs. Elbert & Fall, Albia, la.; got by the roan Wood- 
burn-bred Mazurka bull Duke of Hazelhurst 45854, dam the red 
Josephine cow Red Daisy (A. H. B., Vol. XX). Cleveland was 
one of the sensational steers at the Show of 1885, gaining first prize 
in his class and winning the Short-horn championship of the hall 
against all ages. He was shown at 497 days old at a weight of 
1,290 lbs., an average gain per day from birth of 2.59 lbs. Sketch 
from life by Palmer. 



(242) 



GRADE SHORT-HORN BULLOCK TOM BROWN. 

Color, red, with white marks; bred, fed, and exhibited at the 
American Fat-Stock Show by the Hon. D. M. Moninger, Galvin, la., 
winner of the three-year-old championship of the show of 1882, 
against all breeds and crosses. He was shown as a member of Mr. 
Moninger's famous " Crimson " herd of Short-horn bullocks at the 
show of that year, with a weight of 1,945 ms - at 1,174 c ^ a y s °ld, 
and was slaughtered by Messrs. Eastland & Duddleston, of Chicago, 
who certify that he netted 70.71 per cent dressed meat to live 
weight. (See the Breeder'' s Gazette, April 5, 1883.) Sketched from 
life by Burk. 



O44) 



GRADE SHORT-HORN BULLOCK McMULLIN. 

Color, red; fed and exhibited at the American Fat-Stock Show 
by Mr. John D. Gillette, Elkhart, 111.; bred from a stock of Short- 
horns maintained many years by Mr. Gillette, and champion of the 
show for the years 1881 and 1882. Only one other beast has had 
the honor of winning this trophy twice, and he a Kentucky Short- 
horn bullock (Nichols). McMullin was a remarkably flne-loined 
steer, his chief strength lying in his "top." His weight at the 
show of 1881 was 2,095 lbs., an d in 1882, 2,565 lbs. Sketched from 
life by Burk, 1882. 



(246) 



CHAPTER X. 



HEREFORD CATTLE. 

For full one hundred years the rivalry between the Hereford 
breed and the Short-horn or Durham has been hot and unrelenting-; 
and in the history of the origin and early improvement of the two 
breeds there is a striking similarity, the methods of the first great 
improvers of both breeds having been substantially the same. The 
remote origin is obscure in both cases, but use of the best mate- 
rial at command, with an ideal standard of excellence constantly 
kept in view and adhered to with dogged pertinacity by men of 
rare good judgment, was the touchstone of success in both cases. 
The rivalry between the partisans of the two breeds appears to 
have been peculiarly active and energetic in the early part of the 
present century, especially between those acknowledged champions 
of either breed, Thomas Bates and John Price; and challenges for 
competitive shows of equal numbers of cattle were frequent. 

From some cause or other, however, for nearly fifty years after 
the first quarter of the present century the Hereford breeders appear 
to have ceased to be the aggressive champions of their favorites 
that their predecessors had been; and aside from the limited area 
of Herefordshire and a few of the immediately adjoining counties 

the Short-horns appear to have largely monopolized the attention 

32 



250 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

of the outside world so far as bovine improvement was concerned. 
Whether this was due, as is alleged by Hereford breeders, largely 
to the fact that the nobility of England set the fashion in favor of 
Short-horns which was blindly followed by outsiders, or to a real 
superiority in the latter breed as the two then existed, as is claimed 
by the latter, I shall not attempt to decide. But certain it is that 
after the Short-horn breed had apparently conquered the field and 
its partisans felt secure in their possessions, some fifteen years ago 
Hereford breeders suddenly again assumed the aggressive, and since 
then the progress of the breed in popular favor throughout the 
world has been surprisingly rapid, especially in this country. 

It is claimed by some well-informed and careful observers that 
this period of comparative inaction among Hereford breeders — say 
from about 1835 to 1870, when there was but little demand on the 
part of the outside world for Hereford breeding stock — was pecul- 
iarly favorable for constant improvement in the breed, the limited 
demand leaving no incentive to the use of any but the choicest 
specimens of the breed for the purposes of reproduction, while 
during the same period the great and constantly increasing popu- 
larity of the Short-horns led to the use of nearly all the males of 
that breed, whether good, bad or indifferent, for breeding purposes; 
and thus the very popularity of the one, it is claimed, brought 
about deterioration, while the lack of it afforded the opportunity for 
marked improvement in the other. So that when the attention of 
outsiders who were not prejudiced for or against either breed was 
again directed to the merits of the Herefords they found them won- 
derfully improved over the form they had when they apparently 
abandoned the field to the "red, white, and roan," about 1825, while 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 251 

a corresponding tip of the beam in the opposite direction, it is alleged, 
had befallen the Short-horns. But while the great improvement of 
the Hereford during the past fifty years is generally admitted, par- 
tisans of the Short-horn are not willing to concede that there has 
been any falling off in the merits of their favorites. 

The Hereford breed takes its name from the County of Here- 
ford, where it originated, and in the recently published " History 
of Hereford Cattle," by Macdonald and Sinclair, the authors, after 
giving in considerable detail the various theories and traditions 
touching the origin and history of the breed, sum up as follows: 

" There is a certain degree of unanimity among the authors who 
have been quoted in thinking that the Herefords were originally a 
self-colored race of cattle like the Devons and Sussex, and that 
they were derived from the same source. But the earliest writer 
who went into the subject in detail, namely, Marshall — who saw 
the breed on its native pastures in 1788 — described the color as 
' a middle red with a bald face, the last being esteemed character- 
istic of the true Herefordshire breed.' This statement points to 
the establishment of ' bald ' or white faces at a period considerably 
antecedent to the close of the eighteenth century, when Marshall 
made his survey, and the peculiar markings were not confined to 
one or two select herds, but had become, although not universal, 
so widely diffused as to be characteristic even of the oxen of ' the 
true breed ' sold to the Gloucestershire graziers. * * * 

" One of the first efforts to assign to a specific cause the supe- 
rior quality and characteristic color of the Hereford breed was 
made by Mr. Thomas A. Knight, to whose testimony, as we have 
already endeavored to show, high importance is attached. That, as 



252 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

Mr. Knight asserts, Lord Scudamore, who died in 1671, introduced 
into the County of Hereford from Flanders a number of red cattle 
with white faces is, we think, unquestionable, and it was to this 
importation that Mr. Knight attributed the superior qualities of the 
breed. But, as has already been remarked, it should be clearly 
understood that Mr. Knight does not assign the origin of the breed 
itself to this importation, but merely traces the development of 
certain merits in the Hereford cattle to the influence of the animals 
that came from Flanders. 1 ' 

It is also pointed out that a portion of the present County of 
Hereford formerly lay within the boundaries of Wales, and it is 
thought more than probable that the blood of the White Welsh 
breed became diffused to a greater or less extent among: the cattle 
stock of Herefordshire even before the Flemish importation, and 
this of itself would have created a natural predisposition to white 
markings before the introduction of white-faced cattle from the con- 
tinent by Lord Scudamore. 

Mr. Benjamin Tompkins, who was born in 1745, has frequently 
been referred to by writers upon cattle as the founder of the Here- 
ford breed; but there is abundant evidence showing that his grand- 
father before him, who died in 1723, was a famous breeder of cattle 
of superior excellence, and in his will, executed 1720, he especially 
devised a cow called Silver, with her calf, to his son Benjamin, who 
is spoken of in "Notes of the History of the Tompkins family," 
by Mr. Galliers, as "the first great cattle-breeder"; but contem- 
poraneous with him, and perhaps equally noted, was Mr. William 
Galliers, and in the " Notes " above referred to it is stated that about 
1760 both Benjamin Tompkins and William Galliers, who were fast 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 253 

friends, "each possessed herds of noted cattle, the result of years of 
thought and labor. They seem to have bred from each other's 
stocks, and it is understood that conjointly and separately they made 
excursions to different parts of England in search of blood to improve 
them." The Mr. Benjamin Tompkins first mentioned (as having 
been born in 1745) was a son of this Benjamin Tompkins, the coad- 
jutor of Mr. William Galliers. We thus have three generations of 
the Tompkins family all working upon the same stock to effect 
improvement in the breed of Hereford cattle, the second of the line 
having been relatively quite as prominent in his day as his son Ben- 
jamin Tompkins, the younger, afterward became. 

But contemporaneous with the second Tompkins were other noted 
breeders, such as Tully, Skyrme, Haywood, Yeomans, and Galliers, 
the latter perhaps equally as distinguished as was Mr. Tompkins 
himself; and of Mr. Tully it is recorded that he bred the ox that 
won the first prize at the Smithfield Show of 1799. In commenting 
upon the work of these early breeders the editors of the Hereford 
history before referred to tell us that: "The main object of these 
old breeders seems to have been — at least at the beginning of their 
operations — to rear large, heavy cattle, that after having been worked 
in the plow, and having 'taken an equal share in the labors of the 
harvest,' would fetch a good price from the graziers of the Midland 
counties, who assembled in large numbers at the Hereford October 
Fair. By them they were purchased with the view of being fat- 
tened for the butcher or, as Duncumb puts it, 'perfected for the 
London markets.' There does not seem to have been much uni- 
formity about their cattle, either in respect of form or color. As 
to the latter point Marshall, it is true, says a bald face was charac- 



254 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

teristic of the true Herefordshire breed, while Duncumb remarks 
that the 'prevailing' color was a reddish brown with white faces. 
Within these descriptions there was, of course, room for much diver- 
sity, which doubtless existed. The leading breeders would appear 
to have had their favorite sorts, and these varieties had warm 
admirers and keen partisans. At a very early period the system of 
in-and-in breeding was to some extent adopted, and a separate 
character was established for the various 'breeds,' as they were 
called; the 'trade-mark' chosen for each being the color markings. 
Thus there were the Tompkins, Tully, Skyrme, Galliers, and Hay- 
wood 'breeds.' The selection of a uniform type was not for many 
years accomplished, and the struggle for supremacy, begun during 
the last century, was continued until a comparatively recent date." 
— ("History of Hereford Cattle," page 49.) 

While to rear oxen which should be profitable beasts of labor 
appears to have been one of the chief points aimed at by these 
early breeders, Benjamin Tompkins, the younger, gave special atten- 
tion to the beef-producing and grazing qualities of his cattle, and 
to effect improvement in these particulars he ignored uniformity in 
color entirely, selecting good cows wherever he could find them, 
but using only bulls of his own breeding. Commenting on the 
influence of Mr. Tompkins' selections it is stated in the history so 
often referred to that "What Tompkins did for the Herefords was 
to develop their early-maturing properties, shorten their legs, refine 
their bone, improve their beef points and the quality of their flesh, 
and impart to them more thoroughbred character and impressive- 
ness. His disregard of color, in the opinion of some people, was a 
mistake, and it is almost certain that if he had aimed at producing 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 255 

uniformity in this particular the consolidation of the breed would 
have been much more rapidly accomplished, and the waste of energy 
entailed by the struggle between the admirers of the white-faced, 
the mottle-faced, and other varieties, which subsequently occurred, 
would have been avoided." 

Following after Benj. Tompkins, the younger, who died in 18 15, 
came another breeder of great eminence, Mr. John Price, who had 
the cows for his foundation stock from Mr. Tompkins in 1804, and 
who followed that gentleman's methods of breeding, but with much 
greater attention to pedigree. There were many other breeders of 
note contemporaneous with Mr. Price, but space forbids further 
details, and those desiring further particulars are referred to the 
valuable "History of Hereford Cattle," by Macdonald and Sinclair, 
from which I have so freely quoted. 

It will be seen from the foregoing that the Hereford from its 
earliest history has been distinguished as a grazing breed, and that 
the efforts of its first great improvers were to perfect it in fatten- 
ing qualities and to secure earlier maturity, the latter especially 
having been a point to which but little attention had been paid up 
to the time of Tompkins, the younger. And while it is recorded 
that many of the cows in the earlier days possessed superior dairy 
qualities, their milk being especially rich in cream, yet this point 
appears to have been entirely ignored in the efforts for improve- 
ment in the breed; so that while the partisans of the Hereford of 
today claim for their favorites unsurpassed excellence as a beef- 
producing breed and unequaled quality as grazers they do not lay 
claim to any special adaptation to the uses of the dairy. The 
white face, with more or less of white on the top line, especially 



256 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

from the shoulders forward and also on the belly, the balance of 
the body covered with a heavy growth of red hair, varying from 
a pale to deep red and frequently quite curly, remains today as it 
was a hundred years ago, a characteristic of the breed. 

The first importation of this breed to America of which we have 
any account was made by Henry Clay, of Kentucky, in 181 7, and 
consisted of two bulls and two cows, one of the former dying before 
he reached his destination in Kentucky. It is interesting to note 
that these Herefords came over in the same ship with the first 
recorded importation of Short-horns, that of the Sanders importa- 
tion of 181 7, referred to on page 208 of this volume; but the prog- 
eny of these Herefords were soon lost sight of. In 1824 a Hereford 
bull and heifer were presented to the Massachusetts Society for the 
Promotion of Agriculture by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, but the 
progeny of these, like the Kentucky importation of 18 17, have like- 
wise passed out of view. The first importation of cattle of this 
breed which attracted much attention was made in 1840 by Messrs. 
Erastus Corning and W. H. Sotham, and consisted of five bulls and 
seventeen cows and heifers, brought to the State of New York; and 
this importation, it may be said, constituted the foundation stock for 
the Hereford breed in this country. 

Their progress in popular favor, however, was for a long time 
very slow, and it was not until the great demand sprung up for 
bulls of the improved breeds to cross upon the so-called native stock 
of our Western plains that the attention of American breeders began 
to be largely turned to the especial merits of the Hereford breed 
for grazing purposes. Since that time, dating from about the year 
1875, the breed has rapidly advanced in public favor, and immense 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 257 

numbers of the very best specimens that could be found in England 
have been imported to this country; and now, as in the days of John 
Price and Thomas Bates, they are again warmly contesting the 
ground for popular favor with the Short-horns. 

There was no herd book for this breed until 1846, at which 
time Mr. T. C. Eyton began the work of gathering up pedigrees, 
and he issued the first volume of the Hereford Herd Book in July 
of that year. This volume contained the pedigrees of 551 bulls, 
no cows being included; and its editor remarks that prior to that 
time Mr. Price, of Ryall, "was about the only breeder who had 
kept a systematic record of his breeding operations." The pedigrees 
in this volume were divided into four classes — mottle face, white 
face, gray, and light gray — -which give some idea of the divisions 
upon the color line that existed in the Hereford camp even at that 
late day. Vol. II of this work was not issued until six years later, 
and the work was then abandoned by its original projector. Mr. 
W. Styles Powell then took it up and issued the first part of Vol. 
Ill, but died soon afterward, and finally Mr. Thomas Duckham, to 
whom the Hereford breeders of the world are largely indebted for 
much valuable service, took up the work and carried it on for 
several years thereafter. Up to this date (October, 1886) sixteen 
volumes have been issued. The American Hereford Herd Book 
was instituted in 1881 by Mr. T. L. Miller, but it has since been 
turned over to the American Hereford Breeders' Association; Mr. 
Chas. Gudgell, of Independence, Mo., being Secretary of the Society 
and editor of its Herd Book. Five volumes of this work have been 
issued. 

33 



HEREFORD BULL THE GROVE 3 d (5051). 

Calved Nov. 5, 1874; bred by Mr. B. Rogers, The Grove, Pem- 
bridge, Herefordshire, England; sold by him to Mr. P. Turner, of 
The Leen, and purchased at his sale of 1883 by Mr. C. M. Culbert- 
son, Newman, Douglas Co., 111., for $4,150, who used him in his 
herd until the spring of 1886, when he was purchased by Mr. 
Adams Earl, Shadeland Farm, La Fayette, Ind., for $7,000, the 
highest price ever actually paid for a Hereford. His sire was the 
famous Horace (3877), a bull that was rescued from the block by 
Mr. John Price and freely used in his herd, making a reputation 
as one of the most successful sires known in Hereford history. The 
Grove 3d's dam was Blossom by Sir Thomas (2228), a cow sent by 
Mr. Rogers to be served by Horace after the fine fleshing character 
of the old bull's get had become apparent in his offspring. The 
Grove 3d is the sire of many of the most noted show animals of 
the breed, and while breeding with great uniformity all round has 
made a special success when crossed with cows sired by Spartan 
(5009); as witness Rudolph (6660), Cassio (6849), Royal Grove 
21500, Hesiocl (6481), and other well-known animals. Sketched 
from life by Palmer, showing the bull at eleven years old. 



(258) 



HEREFORD BULL ARCHIBALD (6290). 

Calved May 3, 1880; bred by Mr. A. Rogers, The Rodd, King- 
ton, Herefordshire, England; imported by George Leigh & Co., 
Aurora, 111.; sold by them to J. O. Curry, of same place, and by 
him to his present owner, Mr. C. K. Parmelee, Desplaines, Cook- 
Co., 111., for about $6,000; got by Dolley (5875), [bred by Aaron 
Rogers and sired by Marquis of Waterford (5454), out of Lydia 
Lass 2d by Bismarck (3689), etc.]; dam Miss Chance 3d by the 
prize bull Grateful (4622), son of Sir Thomas (2228). Archibald 
is admittedly one of the best individual animals of the breed ever 
imported to America, and was a distinguished winner in England 
before brought to the United States. His development forward is 
most extraordinary, as will be seen by reference to drawing on 
opposite page. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(260) 



HEREFORD BULL WASHINGTON (8152). 

Calved May 15, 1882; bred by Mr. A. E. Hughes, Wintercott, 
Leominster, England; property of the Iowa Hereford Cattle Com- 
pany, Indianola, la.; got by Rudolph (6660) [a very famous prize- 
winning son of The Grove 3d, imported to America at a cost of 
$3,500], dam Plum 3d by Commander (4452). Washington was 
the "crack" two-year-old of the English show yards in 1884, has 
been exhibited with great success at many prominent American 
fairs, and his get are also winning ribbons in Western show yards. 
Engraving prepared from a lithographic drawing by A. M. Gauci, 
of England. 



(262) 



HEREFORD BULL SIR BARTLE FRERE (6682). 

Calved July 4, 1880; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton- 
bury, Leominster, England; imported August, 1882, and still owned 
by Mr. Adams Earl, of Shadeland Farm, La Fayette, Ind. ; got by 
the celebrated Lord Wilton (4740), dam Tiny (a Carwardine cow 
owned by Mr. Earl, and dam also of the well-known sire of prize 
stock Tom Clark's Anxiety 3d) by Longhorns (471 1); 2d dam Rose- 
bud by De Cote (3060), etc. Sir Bartle Frere made a brilliant 
record at the English shows of 1881 (including first at the Royal), 
and was put in active service at Shadeland immediately after his 
importation. Three steers of his get won first, second, and third 
prizes in the ring for yearling grades at the American Fat-Stock 
Show of 1885, and at the fairs of 1886 the bull, with several of 
his get from purebred cows, was a leading feature at prominent 
Western shows. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(264) 



HEREFORD BULL ANXIETY 3 d 4466. 

Calved July 3, 1879; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton- 
bury, Leominster, England; property of Thomas Clark, Evergreen 
Stock Farm, Beecher, 111.; got by Anxiety (5188), [one of the most 
famous sires of the breed ever imported to America], dam Tiny 
(the dam of Mr. Earl's Sir Bartle Frere, see page 264) by Long- 
horns (471 1); 2d dam Rosebud by De Cote (3060); 3d dam Stately 
by Heart of Oak (2035), etc. Anxiety 3d sired several of the most 
successful prize-winning heifers at the Illinois State Fairs of 1885 
and 1886. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(266) 



HEREFORD BULL HESIOD (6481). 

Calved Aug. 7, 1880; bred by Mr. Philip Turner, of The Leen T 
Pembridge, Herefordshire, England; imported by Messrs. Yeld & 
Griffiths and sold (1886) to his present owner, Mr. John Borland, 
Elkhorn Farm, Stanton, Neb.; got by The Grove 3d (5051) [see 
page 258], dam Belle by Spartan (5009); 2d dam Exquisite by 
Provost (4067). Bears a striking resemblance to his illustrious sire, 
and is own brother in blood to the famous Rudolph (6660), Royal 
Grove, page 272, and Cassio, page 270. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(268) 



HEREFORD BULL CASSIO (6849). 

Calved Aug. 8, 1881; bred by Mr. Philip Turner, of The Leen, 
Pembridge, Herefordshire, England ; imported and owned by the 
Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, P. Q., Can.; got by The Grove 
3d (5051) [see page 258], dam Duchess 2d by Spartan (5009); 2d 
dam Duchess by Provost (4067), etc. Own brother to Royal Grove, 
page 272, and chief stock bull at Hillhurst. Sketched from life by 
Burk. 



(270) 



HEREFORD BULL ROYAL GROVE 21500. 

Calved Sept. 30, 1883; bred by Mr. P. Turner, of The Leen, 
Pembridge, England; imported and owned by Mr. J. O. Curry, 
of Aurora, 111.; got by The Grove 3d (5051), clam Duchess 2d (the 
clam of Cassio, see page 270) by Spartan (5009); 2d dam Duchess 
by Provost (4067). Royal Grove, it will be noticed, is an own 
brother to the Hon. M. H. Cochrane's chief stock bull, Cassio, and 
is full brother in blood to Mr. Borland's Hesiod, page 268. He was 
successfully shown at prominent fairs of 1886, and succeeds Archi- 
bald (see page 260) at head of Mr. Curry's herd. Sketched from 
life by Burk. 



(272) 



HEREFORD BULL BEAU REAL 11055. 

Calved Sept. 22, 1883; bred by Messrs. Gudgell & Simpson, 
Independence, Mo.; property of Messrs. Shockey & Gibb, Early 
Dawn Stock Farm, Lawrence, Kan.; got by Anxiety 4th 9904 
[he by the famous old Anxiety (5188), and sire also of the well- 
known Beau Monde 9903]; dam imp. Beau Ideal 8th 9949 by Aber- 
deen 5248, etc. Shown with success at leading fairs west of the 
Mississippi in 1886. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(274) 



ITPI'lBllirip 11 "!' ' < ' 'i'' 'i' 1 !' 7 ■" Il : : ''#'' ' "' T ""'-.■< . '■■ 'k, ■/ »' ~1 




iu K' 1 i ■ ■ 



HEREFORD BULL PRINCE EDWARD 7001. 

Calved Dec. 8, 1880; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton- 
bury, Leominster, England; imported by Earl & Stuart, La Fayette, 
Ind., and sold by them to his present owner, Mr. G. W. Henry, 
Chicago, 111.; got by the renowned Lord Wilton (4740), dam Lilac 
by De Cote (3060), etc. A winner at leading fairs in 1882. Sketched 
from life by Palmer. 



(276) 



HEREFORD BULL LORD DE VERE 14904. 

Calved May 6, 1882; bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stockton- 
bury, Leominster, England; imported and owned by Messrs. C. W. 
Cook & Son, Brookmont Farm, Odebolt, la.; got by Lord Wilton 
(4740), dam Cora 14905 by Rodney (4907); 2d dam Cobweb by 
De Cote (3060); 3d dam Spider by Heart of Oak (2035), etc. 
The chief stud bull in service at Brookmont. Sketched from life 
bv Burk. 



(278) 



HEREFORD COW LOVELY 2d 21977. 

Calved March 17, 1883; bred b > 7 Mr - R - w - Hall, Ashton, Leo- 
minster, England; imported February, 1885, by Mr. J. O. Curry, 
Aurora, 111., and sold by him to her present (1886) owners, Messrs. 
Merrill & Fineld, Bay City, Mich.; got by Chancellor (5246), [he 
by the famous old Horace (3877), and first-prize winner at the 
Hereford meeting of the Bath and West of England Society in 
1877]; dam Violet by Adrian (5713); 2d dam Lovely by Preceptor 
(4030), etc. She has been shown at a number of prominent Mich- 
igan fairs and has never been beaten. Weight, 1,545 ms - Sketched 
from life by Burk. 



(280) 



ppil? i : «|^fff»'" s '. : L } * :: 




GROUP OF IMPORTED HEREFORD COWS. 

Emerald 2d 9820, Lady Love 15249, and Henrietta 3d 15247; 
the former calved May 3, 1880, and bred by Mr. Philip Turner, of 
The Leen, Pembridge, Herefordshire, England; got by Chicago 
(5814), dam Emerald 8294 by Provost (4067); the two latter calved 
1882, bred by Mr. T. J. Carwardine, Stocktonbury, Leominster, En- 
gland; both got by Lord Wilton (4740), one (Lady Love) out of 
a Rodney cow and the other (Henrietta 3d) out of Rosetta by Sir 
Frank (2762); property of Clough Brothers, Elyria, O. Sketched 
from life by John W. Hills. 



(282) 



HEREFORD COW GRACE. 

Calved June 20, 1881; exhibited at the American Fat - Stock 
Show of November, 1885, at a weight of 1,875 ^s., by Messrs. 
Swan Brothers, Indianola, la. One of the most remarkably fleshed 
cows ever seen at this show. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(284) 



GRADE HEREFORD BULLOCK REGULUS. 

Calved April 14, 1882; bred by Messrs. J. R. Price & Son, Will- 
iamsville, 111.; fed and exhibited at the American Fat-Stock Show 
by Messrs. Fowler & Vannatta, Fowler, Benton Co., Ind., and cham- 
pion over all breeds and crosses of any age at the exhibition of 
1885; got by Regulus 2d 6089 (a bull bred by Mr. John Price, of 
Court House, Pembridge, England, and imported by Mr. C. M. Cul- 
bertson, Chicago, 111.); he by the famous Regulus (4076), that beat 
his half-brother, the afterward celebrated Lord Wilton, when shown 
against each other as calves by their breeder, Mr. Tudge, at the 
Herefordshire County Show. This bullock, like Roan Boy, Mr. 
Culbertson's champion of the show of 1883, was out of a half-blood 
Short-horn cow, and weighed 2,345 ms - u P on entering the show of 
1885. He was a steer of fine length, with great breadth and thick- 
ness of " top" from chine to rump, showing well-proportioned quar- 
ters and extra loin. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(286) 



W&KKIW^^^KB. 



lllllllSl l|l,, ' ,f,: ' ,, 




GRADE HEREFORD BULLOCK DYSART. 

Calved July 15, 1882; bred, fed and exhibited at the American 
Fat-Stock Show by C. M. Culbertson, Chicago, 111. (farm Newman, 
Douglas Co., 111.); winner of the Breeders Gazette Gold Challenge 
Shield for best beast in the show bred and fed by the exhibitor, at 
the show of 1885, and a prominent candidate in the judging at same 
show for other high honors. He was shown at a weight of 1,890 
lbs., and was specially distinguished for neatness and fine quality 
of flesh, being regarded by butchers as an extra "killing" steer. 
Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(288) 



CHAPTER XL 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE. 

According to the best authorities the polled or hornless breeds of 
cattle now known as Aberdeen-Angus and Galloways are descended 
from the native cattle of the Island of Great Britain. The original 
home of the Aberdeen-Angus, of which it is proposed to treat in 
this chapter, is in the county of Aberdeen and in the district of 
Angus in the Northeastern part of Scotland; and from these places 
the breed takes its now generally accepted name. The existence 
of a race of hornless cattle for more than a hundred years back in 
the region above mentioned is clearly established, but with this as 
with all other breeds of our domesticated animals, except the Thor- 
oughbred horse, everything back of the first half of the eighteenth 
century is vague and uncertain. Youatt, in " Cattle, their Breeds 
and Management," published in 1835, says: "There have always 
been some polled cattle in Angus ; the country people calling 
them hornless or clodded cattle. Their origin is so remote that no 
account of their introduction into this country can be obtained from 
the oldest farmers or breeders.'' 1 But while the early existence of 
this breed is clearly established, and its evolution from the native 
race of Scotland generally admitted, }^et there is no trace as to 
when the hornless quality first became a recognized characteristic, 



39 2 THE BREED'S OF LIVE STOCK. 

and certainly the original specimens of the genus Bos that inhab- 
ited the island were horned. 

The efforts for improvement in this breed do not appear to 
have commenced until many years after the more enlightened and 
progressive farmers of the valley of the Tees and of Herefordshire 
had brought their favorite breeds into prominence; and it seems 
to be a well-established fact that it was not until 1848 that the 
Highland Agricultural Society, the leading organization of the kind 
in Scotland, recognized any distinction between the polled cattle of 
Galloway and those of the Northeastern counties. It is also doubt- 
less true that in the early part of the present century the popularity 
of Short-horn cattle had become so great, and the breed so gener- 
ally disseminated throughout Scotland, that all other breeds in that 
region were neglected and well-nigh displaced. 

It was at this period in the history of the breed that its first 
great improver, Mr. Hugh Watson, came upon the stage. He was 
born in 1789 and became the tenant of the Keillor farm in 1808, 
commencing with six cows and a bull, which he received from his 
father as the nucleus of a herd. In the " History of Polled Aber- 
deen or Angus Cattle," by Macdonald and Sinclair, it is said of Mr. 
Watson that "In his wide circle of intimate friends he included the 
late Mr. John Booth, Mr. Wetherell, Mr. Anthony Maynard, Mr. 
William Torr, and other noted breeders of Short-horns; and there 
is good reason to believe that in many points connected with the 
building up of his herd of improved polled cattle he was guided to 
some extent by the experience of these great patrons of the rival 
breed. Mr. H. H. Dixon, in 'Field and Fern, 1 says 'Mr. Watson 
was purely catholic in his taste. Bracelet, Charity, and one or two 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 293 

more of the pure Booths were the models he kept in his eye in 
building up his blacks; and even in a shire so strongly wedded 
to its own breed he did not shrink from saying so. 1 His motto 
would seem to have been ' Put the best to the best, regardless of 
affinity or blood.' He bred from none but the choicest specimens 
at his command and did not hesitate to follow the examples of the 
Collings, the Booths, Thos. Bates and other celebrated Short-horn 
breeders in mating animals closely related to each other. It is evi- 
dent that they practiced in-and-in breeding to a considerable extent. 
It is also clear that he aimed at building up particular lines or 
families, and that to some extent he bred each of these families 
within itself. He did not pursue persistently that intricate system 
of in-and-in breeding adopted by most of the noted early improvers 
of Short-horns; but in this point he so far followed their example. 
Perhaps the truest description that could be given of his method of 
breeding is that he bred from none but the best — those that came 
nearest to his ideal — and that he did not care whether these were 
closely related or not. 1 ' 

One of the most remarkable cows of any breed ever produced 
was the famous Prima cow, afterward known as "Old Grannie," 
bred by Mr. Hugh Watson. She lived to the wonderful age of 
thirty-five years and six months, and produced calves up to her 
twenty-ninth year, being, as is stated in the Polled Herd Book, the 
dam of twenty-five calves in all; but Mr. William Watson, son of 
Hugh Watson, says that to his certain knowledge she produced 
twenty-nine calves — five males and twenty-four females — the last 
one when she was in her thirty-second year. S^Breeder^s Gazette, 
Aug. 3, 1882.] From this wonderful cow are descended the Jilts 



294 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

Ruths, Favorites, Princesses, and other popular families of the breed. 
And that her wonderful constitution and strong vitality was perpet- 
uated to a marked degree in her progeny is attested by the fact 
that Princess of Kinnochtry, one of her descendants, was exhibited 
at the Highland Society's Show in 1881, although she was then in 
her twenty-first year and was the dam of seventeen calves, and is 
mentioned as being, even at that great age, "deep in flesh and per- 
fect in outline." — {Breeders Gazette, Vol. II, page 170.) 

Another man whose name will always be held in the highest 
esteem by Aberdeen-Angus breeders was William McCombie, of 
Tillyfour, whose career as a breeder began in 1829. In the history 
above quoted from, after recounting the great rage for Short-horn 
blood which had taken possession of Scotch breeders, and the mania 
for crossing which had well-nigh rendered the polled breed extinct 
in that region, Mr. McCombie is mentioned as "the great deliverer 
of the polled race," and the authors go on to say: "He was among 
the first to discover its threatened extinction; and knowing full well 
its value for the country he resolved to do what in him lay to 
protect it from the danger to which it had become exposed. It is 
doubtful, we think, whether any other single individual has ever 
done more to improve and popularize any breed of live stock than 
the late Mr. McCombie did to improve and make known his pet 
race of cattle. Taking up the good work so systematically com- 
menced by Mr. Hugh Watson he carried it on with a skill and 
success that have few equals, and that will hand down his name to 
posterity as that of the chief improver of the polled Aberdeen or 
Angus breed. It has been said that what the Collings did for 
Short-horns Mr. Hugh Watson did for the polled breed. It might 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 295 

be said with equal truth that what the Booths have been to the 
'red, white, and roan' Mr. McCombie was to the 'glossy blacks. 1 
Than that higher credit could be paid to no breeder of live stock. 
* * * ]y[ r# McCombie's success in the show yard has few paral- 
lels in the history of farm stock. In the third edition of his volume 
entitled ' Cattle and Cattle-Breeders ' no fewer than seventeen pages 
are occupied by a mere record of the premiums won bv animals 
belonging to the herd prior to 1875. Not content with a large 
share of Scotch and English honors, he several times entered inter- 
national contests in France, and on all occasions returned with new 
laurels and fresh fame for his favorite blacks. Probably the crown- 
ing victory of his life was achieved at the great International Exhi- 
bition held in Paris in 1878. On that occasion, in addition to several 
class honors, he carried off with a group of beautiful young polled 
cattle, all bred at Tillyfour, not only the £100 prize for the 'best 
group of cattle bred by the exhibitor ' in the division foreign to 
France, but also the £100 prize for the 'best group of beef-produc- 
ing animals bred by the exhibitor.' In fat-stock as well as breeding 
shows Mr. McCombie has often proved invincible; and altogether 
it may safely enough be said that the high reputation which the 
breed has deservedly gained beyond the bounds of the British Empire 
has to a large extent been fostered by the remarkable show-yard 
achievements of the Tillyfour Herd. 11 — ("History of Polled Aberdeen 
or Angus Cattle," pages 62-64.) 

Space cannot be spared in this volume to mention in detail other 
meritorious breeders who were prominent in the work of effecting 
improvement in this breed. A herd book for the polled cattle of 
Scotland first appeared in 1862, but the movement languished, and it 



296 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

was not until ten years afterward that the second volume appeared. 
Since then the publication has been carried on with regularity, and 
a total of nine volumes have been issued. In the first four volumes 
both Aberdeen-Angus and Galloway cattle were registered, but after 
the fourth volume was issued the Galloway Society commenced the 
publication of a herd book of its own, and since that time Gallo- 
ways have not been admitted to the Aberdeen-Angus record. 

Within the past ten years this breed has made rapid advances 
in popular favor in the United States, both in the Mississippi Valley 
and in the grazing regions of the far West, where they appear to 
have given good satisfaction, but prior to about 1875 they were 
scarcely known in this country. A herd book has been established 
under the auspices of the American Aberdeen-Angus Association and 
two volumes of the work have been issued. Mr. Charles Gudgell, 
of Independence, Mo., is Secretary of the Association and has charge 
of its herd book. 

In color the Aberdeen-Angus cattle are almost invariably black, 
although white markings on the belly and especially on the udder 
are not regarded as evidences of impure breeding. There is also 
an occasional instance of reversion to dark red and brindle, colors 
which in the early history of the breed were by no means uncom- 
mon, and the Hon. M. H. Cochrane, of Hillhurst, P. Q., Can., has 
several pure-bred specimens of the breed that are wholly red in 
color. The hornless feature is always insisted on as a mark of 
purity of blood, but even here "sours," or loosely attached rudimen- 
tary horns, are sometimes found upon the males of the breed. Their 
partisans do not claim for the Aberdeen-Angus any superior excel- 
lence as dairy cattle, the specialty for which they have long been 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 297 

bred being the economical production of the highest quality of beef; 
but notable instances of great excellence at the pail are on record', 
as for example the fine dairy qualities of some of the late Lord 
Airlie's stock at Cortachy Castle. The "History of Polled Aber- 
deen or Angus Cattle, 11 by Macdonald and Sinclair; McCombie's 
"Cattle and Cattle-Breeders, ,, and a recently published work entitled 
"The Breed that Beats the Record," may profitably be consulted 
by those in search of further information concerning this breed. 



GROUP OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS CATTLE. 

The engraving on the opposite page represents a group of 
Aberdeen-Angus cattle of the very popular Erica tribe, descended 
from the celebrated cow of that name bred by Lord Southesk and 
purchased by Sir George Macpherson Grant, of Castle Ballindalloch, 
when she was four years old. The family descended from this cow 
has long been regarded as one of the very best of the breed, and 
its reputation has added greatly to the renown of the Ballindalloch 
Herd, which is probably the oldest one of this breed now in exist- 
ence in the world. In the center of the group is shown Young 
Viscount (736), for years the premier stock bull at Ballindalloch; 
and the cows — naming them in order, beginning with the calf lying 
down at upper left-hand corner of the engraving — are as follows: 
Eila (3794), Edelweis (5605), Eugenia (4170), Electra (4186), Equity 
(4671), and Equinox (8616). Engraved from a photograph copy of 
a painting by Steel made in 1884. 



(298) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL JUDGE (1150). 

Calved Feb. 7, 1875; bred by Sir George Macpherson Grant, 
The Castle, Ballindalloch, Scotland; imported to Canada by Mr. 
Geo. Whitfield, Rougemont, P. Q., from whom he was purchased by 
J. S. & W. R. Goodwin, Beloit, Kan., and died their property in 
1884; got by Scotsman (474) [bred by Mr. McCombie at Tillyfour, 
and the first-prize bull at the Highland Society's Show at Kelso in 
1872], dam the celebrated Jilt (973) [also bred by Mr. McCombie, 
a prize-winner as a heifer at the Royal English and Highland Soci- 
eties' Shows and the dam of that famous trio of Ballindalloch bulls 
Judge (1150), Juryman (404), and Justice (1462)] by Black Prince 
of Tillyfour (366) [a famous Queen Mother bull bred at Tillyfour]; 
2d dam Beauty of Tillyfour 2d (1180) [dam also of Ruth of Tilly- 
four (1169)] by Young Jock (4), etc. Judge was the second-prize 
yearling at the Highland Show of 1876 at Aberdeen, and gained 
the gold medal at the Paris International Exposition in 1878. 
Sketched from life by Burk. 



(300) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL GUIDO (2135). 

Calved Jan 24, 1881; bred by James Fowlie, Bruce Hill, New 
Deer, Scotland; property of T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Otoe Co., 
Neb.; got by Young Captain (17 12), dam Beauty of Bruce Hill 
(3684) by Major of Bognie (444) [bred by Col. Fraser, of Castle 
Fraser, and got by Jamie of Easter Skene (367), out of Lily of 
Castle Fraser (11 14) by Black Jock of Tillyfour (365); winner of 
first prize at United Banffshire Society's Show at Cornhill in 1875]; 
2d dam Beauty of Kinnochtry (1884) by Crathie 2d (342); 3d dam 
Blue Belle of Kinnochtry (918) by Young Hugh (131), etc. Guido 
has been shown at leading State Fairs in the West with success. 
Engraved from a painting by Cross. 



(302) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW COQUETTE 4 th (3497). 

Calved March 7, 1877, bred by Robert Walker, Montbletton, 
Banffshire, Scotland; imported and owned by Messrs. Anderson & 
Findlay, Lake Forest, 111.; got by Rory O'More (844) [a Mont- 
bletton Lady Ida or Mayflower bull that gained several prizes at 
the Highland, Turriff and United Banffshire Shows], dam Coquette 
3d (1402) by Kildonan (405), etc. Coquette 4th has been a prize- 
winner since two years old, having gained high honors at the Royal 
Northern, Turriff, Banffshire, and other Scottish shows, and her 
daughter Coquette nth was awarded the silver cup at the great 
Smithfield (London) Fat-Stock Show in 1885, as a yearling, in a 
class of eighty-six for best cow or heifer, open to all classes. She 
has also been a successful show cow at Illinois, Iowa, and Wiscon- 
sin State Fairs since her importation. The family from which she 
descends is of Ballindalloch origin. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(304) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW BEAUTY OF HILLHURST 

(7140) AND CALF. 

Calved Dec. 10, 1881; bred by the Earl of Strathmore, Glamis 
Castle, Scotland; imported by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, P. 
Q., Can.; property of Mr. T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Otoe Co., 
Neb.; got by Bismarck 2d (i860) [bred at Tillyfour and sold to the 
Earl of Strathmore], dam Beauty 2d of Glamis (4800) by Elcho 
(595) [S^ r George Macpherson Grant's famous son of Juryman and 
Erica]; 2d dam Beauty of Glamis (3515) by Elchies (563), etc. 
The calf shown in the picture, Beauty of Turlington 2d, was sired 
by one of the Turlington show bulls, Marquis of Huntley, of the 
popular Sybil tribe. Beauty of Hillhurst has had a very successful 
show-yard career at St. Louis, Chicago, Des Moines, Lincoln, and 
other leading fairs, and her calf has also been a winner. Engraved 
after a painting by Cross. 



(306) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL PARIS 3 d (2276). 

Calved March 4, 1880; bred by Mr. Wm. McCombie, of Easter 
Skene; imported and owned by Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, 
P. Q., Can.; got by Paris (1473) [Mr. McCombie's first-prize young 
bull at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1878], dam the prize cow 
Prosperine (3807) by Bachelor (690); 2d dam Black Bess of Easter 
Skene (181 1) by Baronet of Drumin (637), etc. Paris 3d was the 
first-prize yearling at the Royal Northern and Highland Shows, 
and was purchased by Mr. Cochrane as stock bull to head the Hill- 
hurst Herd. (See page 316.) Sketched from life by Burk. 



(308) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL MODEL PRINCE (4075). 

Calved Dec. 13, 1881; bred by A. O. Stephenson, Blairshinnoch, 
Banff, Scotland; property of Joseph II. Rea, Carrollton, Mo.; got 
by Edgar Erica (1693) [he by Editor (1460) out of Ella (1205), a 
daughter of Erica (843)]; dam Model 2d (4307) by Nubian (1294); 
2d dam Model of Blairshinnoch (3423) by Bon Accord (446). 
Model Prince has had a successful career in the show yard, among 
his triumphs in 1886 having been first in his class for Aberdeen- 
Angus bull three years old and over at the Kansas City Inter-State 
Fair. He was imported by his present owner and is used as the 
premier breeding bull in his " Moss Creek " herd. Sketched from 
life by Burk. 



(310) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW ELIZABETH (1830) AND 

HEIFER CALF. 

Calved March 5, 1882; bred by the Hon. J. H. Pope, Eastview, 
Can.; property of Messrs. R. B. Hudson & Sons, Carrollton, Mo.; 
got by Heather Bred Lad 1568 [he by Lowther ( 1388), out of Bloom- 
ing Heather (1484)], dam Canada Lass (5920) by Gamrie Mhor 
(1240); 2d dam Dandy of Glenbarry (1075) by the prize bull Clans- 
man (398); 3d dam Lucy 2d (1186) by Marshall (399), etc. This 
cow belongs to the well-known Drumin Lucy tribe, and her calf has 
for sire the Pride of Aberdeen bull Kabul 1537. Sketched from life 
by Burk. 



(312) 



GROUP OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS HEIFERS. 

Lady Anne of Hillhurst and Damsel of Hillhurst on the left, 
Queen Mary of Hillhurst in center, and Moonlight of Hillhurst and 
Lady Hillhurst of Forbes on the right; all bred by the Hon. M. 
H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, P. Q., Can., and all sired by his chief stock 
bull, Paris 3d (2276). [See page 310.] Sketched from life by 
Burk. 



(3H) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW BRUCE'S QUEEN (5312). 

Calved March 2, 1879; bred by Mr. David A. Pearson, Johnston 
Lodge, Lawrencekirk, Scotland; purchased by Mr. Geo. Bruce, of 
Aberdeen, and- sold to her present owners, Messrs. Gudgell & Simp- 
son, Independence, Mo.; got by M. P. (1250), [a richly-bred Pride 
of Aberdeen bull got by the prize-taking Queen Mother bull Mou- 
diewart (686), out of Pride of Aberdeen 3d (1168) by Black Prince 
of Tillyfour (^66)^, dam Annie of Johnston (12 12), bred by James 
Leslie, of The Thorn, and sired by a bull from Tillyfour. Bruce's 
Queen was first in her class and won a special cup at the Kincar- 
dine Show in Scotland in 1881, and since her importation, in the 
hands of Messrs. Gudgell & Simpson, at the great fairs of 1882 and 
1883 was a frequent winner of class and sweepstakes prizes. Sketched 
from life by Burk. 



(316) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS COW IMP. BLACKBIRD OF 
CORSKIE 2D (3024). 

Calved April 18, 1875; bred by the Earl of Fife, K. T., Duff 
House, Scotland; imported by the Hon. M. H. Cochrane, Hillhurst, 
P. Q., Can., and purchased at his sale at Kansas City, Mo., April 
26, 1883, by her present owners, the Indiana Blooded Stock Com- 
pany of Indianapolis, Ind., for $2,050, the highest price ever made 
by an animal of the breed on this side the Atlantic; got by John 
Bright (642), [a famous prize bull in Scotland early in "the Seven- 
ties," gaining among other honors the male championship of the 
yard at the Highland Society's Show at Turriff in 1872], dam 
Blackbird of Corskie (1704) [a prize cow at various Highland and 
Royal Northern Shows] by Squire (436) [bred at Tillyfour and first- 
prize bull at the United Banffshire Show of 187 1]; 2d dam Lady 
Ida (1021) [prize-taker at Highland, Banffshire, Cornhill, and other 
shows from 1867 to 1873] by Black Diamond (464); 3d dam May- 
flower 2d by The Earl (291), etc. Blackbird of Corskie 2d stood 
first in the class for cows at the Highland Society's Show at Perth 
in 1879, and descends from the celebrated Montbletton Lady Ida or 
Mayflower family, representatives of which made such extraordinary 
prices at the dispersion sale of the herd in 1882. Sketched from 
life by Burk. 



(31S) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULL ERRANT KNIGHT (3714). 

Calved July 11, 1883; bred by Owen C. Wallis, Bradley Hall, 
Wylam-on-Tyne; property of Mr. T. W. Harvey, Turlington, Otoe 
Co., Neb.; got by Sea King (2334) [a Ballindalloch Sybil got by 
Justice (1462), out of a cow by Judge (1150), and she out of a 
daughter of Juryman (404)], dam Errantine (4546) by Challenger 
(1260) [a Pride bull bred by the Earl of Fife and illustrated in 
Vol. V of the Polled Herd Book of Scotland]; 2d dam Erica 6th 
(3023) by Major of Bognie (444), etc., to Erica (843) by Cupbearer 
(59), the ancestress of the celebrated tribe that bears her name. 
[See page 300.] Engraved from a painting by Cross. 



(3*>) 



ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULLOCK BLACK PRINCE. 

Calved Feb. 20, 1880; bred by Mr. Maitland, of Balhaggarty, 
Inverurie, Scotland; selected by Mr. Robt. Bruce, Great Smeaton, for 
the Messrs. Geary, of Bli Bro Stock Farm, London, Ont., Can., and 
exhibited by them at the Kansas City and Chicago Fat-Stock Shows 
of 1883 and 1884. He had stood second in a strong ring of two- 
year-olds at the Smithfield Show in London before his importation, 
and was not only a prize-winner at the American shows (among his 
winnings being the three-year-old championship of the Chicago exhi- 
bition of 1883, judged by butchers), but probably contributed as much 
(if not more) than any other one animal ever shown in the West 
toward popularizing the Aberdeen-Angus breed. He was thickly and 
smoothly covered with a line quality of flesh well distributed through- 
out the most valuable parts of the carcass; showed a beautifully- 
filled neck-vein, extra thighs and quarters, and netted upon the block 
71 per cent of net to live weight, pulling down the scales before 
slaughter at 2,400 lbs. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(322) 



CHAPTER XII. 



GALLOWAY CATTLE. 

The Galloways were doubtless closely allied originally to their 
black polled neighbors of Aberdeenshire and Angus; and there is 
every reason to believe that until a comparatively recent period no 
special effort was made to prevent their intermixture, although the 
circumstances of location and the currents of trade were not such 
as to promote the same to any great extent. Intentional crossing or 
mixture of breeds is born of a desire to effect improvement, although 
such a course of breeding is frequently ill-advised, and there does not 
appear to have been much effort to improve the quality of Galloway 
cattle until within a comparatively recent period. From this and 
other known facts it is argued that there is no breed of cattle that 
can lay such claim to the title "pure bred" as the Galloways. It 
is claimed by the partisans of the Gallowa} 7 breed that while the 
great improvers of the Hereford and Short-horn races made use of 
all the material they could lay their hands on for the purpose of 
improving and building up their own favorite breeds, and while, as 
they allege, the blood of the Short-horn was largely used as a factor 
in improving the polled blacks of their Northeastern neighbors, the 
polled cattle of Galloway and the Western coast of Scotland have 
been left to themselves, and whatever of improvement has taken 
place has been the result of selection within the breed itself. The 



326 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

historian of the breed, Rev. John Gillespie, says that " no man stands 
out conspicuously among his fellows as having been the chief instru- 
ment in improving the Galloways at any particular period of their 
history." The breed has not had its Collings or its Bates, its Tomp- 
kins or its Price, its Watson or its McCombie; and while it is 
doubtless identical in its remote origin with the other recognized 
polled breeds of Scotland and its hardy, shaggy, horned neighbor, 
the West Highlander, Mr. Gillespie heartily seconds the assertion 
of an earlier writer than himself to the effect that " the breed was 
brought to its present improved state by the unremitting attention 
of the inhabitants in breeding from the best and handsomest of both 
sexes, and by feeding and management," and most of this work has 
been done within the past fifty years. 

As stated in the preceding chapter, no distinction was recognized 
between the polled breeds of Scotland by the leading agricultural 
society of that country (the Highland Society) until 1848; and up to 
1877 both breeds were recorded in the same herd book, which book 
had no existence until as late as 1862. But in June, 1877, the Gal- 
loway Cattle Society of Scotland was organized, and a separate herd 
book for Galloways was then established. 

The breed was sparingly introduced into Canada as early as 
1853, but they attracted very little attention there or in the United 
States until the beginning of the great " boom " in the cattle busi- 
ness upon our Western plains some twelve years ago. A herd book 
for the breed was established in Canada as early as 1872, but it was 
very lightly patronized until in November, 1882, when the Galloway 
Cattle Association of North America was organized at Chicago, and 
since then two volumes of the Galloway Herd Book have appeared. 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 327 

The Galloways are not a large breed, neither have they as yet 
developed so great a tendency to lay on fat as characterizes many 
of the beef-producing breeds, but their partisans claim for them won- 
derful hardiness and the production of beef of surpassing excellence. 
In color they are very similar to the Aberdeen-Angus described in 
the preceding chapter, with the same occasional outcropping or 
reversion to red, the same occasional presence of w T hite markings on 
the belly and especially about the udder, and the same entire absence 
of horns, excepting the rare presence of "scurs," or loose rudiment- 
ary horns on the males. Formerly there were some animals of the 
breed that were belted — marked with a broad band of white around 
the bod}' — but this mark is no longer allowable in a pure-bred 
Galloway. 

The most notable points of difference between the Galloways 
and the polled breed of Aberdeen and Angus are that the Gallo- 
ways have a more rugged appearance; while somewhat smaller in 
size they are coarser in bone, a point that is especially noticeable in 
the size of the legs and the tail, and they invariably have a much 
heavier coating of hair, wmich is usually soft and wavy. In short, 
in general form, quality of bone, and heavy covering of hair they 
bear a close and striking resemblance to the shaggy, picturesque 
West Highlanders, minus the horns. 



GALLOWAY BULL CRUSADER. 

Calved March 6, 1883; bred and owned by Thomas Biggar & 
Sons, Chapelton, Dalbeattie, Scotland; got by Scottish Borderer 
(669), son of Sir William of Drumlanrig (1039); dam Clara 4th of 
Dalbeattie (3963) by Earl of Nithsdale (1035); Clara 3d of Dal- 
beattie (3057) by Stanley of Dalbeattie, etc. Crusader has been a 
remarkably successful prize-winner, he having among other high 
honors won the champion cup for best bull of any age at the 
Highland Society's Show at Edinburgh in 1884, when he was only 
about sixteen months old, and was first in his class at the same 
Society's Show at Aberdeen in 1885. Engraved from a photograph 
of an oil painting, showing the animal at two years and nine 
months old. 



(328) 



GROUP OF GALLOWAY COWS. 

The engraving on the opposite page is a thoroughly character- 
istic representation of the Gallowa}^ breed. Sketched from life by 
Burk, from the large herd of this breed owned by the Inter-State 
Galloway Cattle Company, Kansas City, Mo. The names of the 
animals represented in the engraving have not been furnished, but 
the artist who made the sketch pronounces them among the very 
best specimens of the breed he has seen. 



(330) 



CHAPTER XIII. 



DEVON AND SUSSEX CATTLE. 

DEVONS. 

The Devon is one of the most ancient and purest of the English 
breeds and takes its name from the county in which it is chiefly 
bred — the north part of Devonshire — which has been the home of 
a hardy, active race of red cattle from the earliest periods of reli- 
able history touching any of the English breeds of cattle. It is 
generally believed that, like the Galloway and the West Highlanders 
of Scotland, the Devon has been developed, without the aid of out- 
crosses, from the aboriginal race of cattle that was found upon 
the island of Great Britain; and in many respects, especially in 
form, size, and muscular activity, there is a very striking similarity 
between the Devon and the Scotch breeds above mentioned. The 
literature of the breed is meager, and but little has been placed 
upon record touching the development of the breed or those who 
have been prominent in its improvement that would be of interest 
to the general reader. The muscular activity and hardiness of the 
Devon have from their earliest history made them famous as work- 
oxen, while their uniformity in form, disposition and color, with their 
beautifully tapering horns, has always caused them to be regarded 
as the most attractive of all breeds when in the yoke. 



334 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

The true Devon color has always been red; varying, as Mr. J. 
T. Davy, the editor of the Devon Herd Book, expresses it, "from 
a dark to a lighter or almost chestnut shade, which in summer 
often becomes beautifully mottled with darker spots." White mark- 
ings are always regarded as objectionable unless it be on the udder 
and the brush of the tail. The breed is not reckoned as among 
the larger ones, certainly not so large as the Short-horn, the Here- 
ford, or the Aberdeen- Angus; but comparing favorably in point of 
size with the Galloways, and somewhat larger than the West High- 
landers, but, as bred in more recent years, with perhaps a greater 
tendency to lay on outside fat than the Scotch breeds, which it so 
closely resembles. 

The publication of a Devon Herd Book in England was com- 
menced in 1 85 1 by Capt. Davy, by whom it is still kept up, and 
to the introductory' matter in the various volumes of this work the 

J 

reader is referred for particulars concerning the early Devon herds 
of that country. 

The breed was doubtless introduced into this country, especially 
into New England, at a very early date, as cattle possessing all 
the characteristics of the pure Devon have been numerous in the 
New England States from the beginning of the present century. 
Mr. James Buckingham, editor of the American Devon Herd Book, 
gives an account of an importation by Messrs. Winthrop and Daven- 
port about the year 1800, and the same author tell us that Gen. 
Eaton imported some Devons into Otsego Co., N. Y., in 1805. The 
first important early importation of which any record has been made 
was that of Mr. Robert Patterson, of Baltimore, in June, 181 7, and 
from this most of the recognized purely-bred American Devon herds 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 335 

are descended. [It is a singular coincidence that the first historical 
importation of Short-horns and of Herefords should also have been 
made the same year and landed at the same port. See pages 206 
and 258.] The American Devon Herd Book was established in 
1880, and has since then been conducted by Mr. James Bucking- 
ham, of Zanesville, O., under the direction of the American Devon 
Association. 

SUSSEX. 

The origin, history and character of the Sussex breed is so simi- 
lar to that of the Devon that they may well be treated of in the 
same chapter. Taking their name from the County of Sussex, in 
England, where they were originally bred, they have undoubtedly 
sprung from the same stock. Rich pastures, a more plentiful sup- 
ply of food, and a climate somewhat more genial, has probably 
brought about all the differences that now exist between the two 
breeds. Give to the average specimen of the Devon breed some- 
what greater size, with heavier bone, thicker horns, rather less of 
muscular activity, and perhaps rather inferior dairy qualities, but with- 
out changing the color in the least, and we have the Sussex. The 
breed has been but sparingly and quite recently introduced into the 
United States, but they have certainly made a very favorable im- 
pression, and the fact that a yearling steer of this breed exhibited 
by Mr. Overton Lea, of Tennessee, at the Chicago Fat-Stock Show 
of 1885, was awarded the first prize for the best yearling carcass of 
dressed beef and received one vote for sweepstakes as best dressed 
carcass of any age, has served to attract marked attention to the 
breed within the past year. 



DEVON BULL CARLOS 2013. 

Calved Aug. 9, 1881; bred by B. F. Peck, East Bethany, N. Y.; 
got by Flitton 7th 1490, son of Duke Flitton 9th 66; dam Cow- 
slip (3303), a cow bred by Walter Farthing, of Somerset, England, 
and imported in 1873 by J. Carter Brown, of East Greenwich, R. I. 
She was by Master Alic (881), and her dam was Curley (1888) by 
Leopold (447). Carlos is now owned (1886) by J. W. Morse & 
Son, Verona, Wis., and has had an almost unbroken career of show- 
yard successes in the Devon classes at leading Western fairs since 
passing into his present owners' hands. Sketched from life by Burk 
in 1885. 



(336) 



DEVON COW WISCONSIN BELLE 2831 AND CALF. 

Calved April 7, 1878; bred and owned by George Baker & Son, 
Hustisford, Wis.; got by Buckeye 352, son of Dan Baker 444; dam 
Fanny 2d 1238 by Rowley 2d 1079; 2d dam Fanny 1237 by Row- 
ley 1078. The calf, only a few months old when the sketch was 
made, is O. K. Boy 2872, got. by Clannaboro 1967, a bull bred by 
R. Stranger, of Devonshire, England, and imported by H. C. Bur- 
leigh, of Vassalboro, Me., expressly as a stock bull for the Messrs. 
Baker. He was by Cory don 2d 1966. Wisconsin Belle is said to 
possess unusual excellence as a dairy cow, having averaged 48 lbs. 
of milk per day on grass alone during the month of June, 1884. 
Sketched from life by Burk in June, 1884. 



(338) 



SUSSEX BULL. 

The engraving on the opposite page is after a sketch from life 

made in September, 1882, by Burk of a Sussex bull imported and 

owned at that time by Mr. George Whitfield, of Rougemont, P. Q., 
Can. 



(34^) 



GROUP OF SUSSEX CATTLE. 

The engraving on the opposite page represents a group of Sus- 
sex cattle imported and owned by Mr. Overton Lea, of Nashville, 
Term., whose success at the Chicago Fat-Stock Show of 1885, with 
a yearling steer of this breed, is referred to on page 335. The bull 
shown in the engraving is General Roberts (500), calved March 
13, 1882, bred by Mr. Alfred Agate, of Sussex County, England, 
and was first-prize winner in his class as a two-year-old at the 
"Royal" of 1884. He has also proved himself a very successful 
sire. His weight is stated to be over 2,200 lbs. at four years old. 
The cow on the right is Milk Maid 3d, four years old, bred by 
E. & A. Standford, of Sussex, England; and the heifer, two years 
old, is Rosedew 15th, bred by Mr. Geo. Whitfield, of Rougemont, 
P. Q., Can., from imported sire and dam. 



(342) 



CHAPTER XIV. 



RED POLLED CATTLE. 

An acquaintance with the Scotch breeds of polled or hornless 
cattle on the part of American cattle-breeders within the past 
fifteen years, coupled with the fancy for the red color which so 
generally prevails in this country, has served to direct attention in 
a marked degree to a breed hitherto but little known among us, 
viz.: the Red Polled cattle of Norfolk and Suffolk Counties in En- 
gland. Like the Devon, the Sussex, and the Galloway, but little 
is known of its origin; and although the existence of polled cattle 
of various colors, the red predominating, and possessing dairy qual- 
ities of a high order, is clearly established as far back as 1 780 in 
these counties, yet the effort for its preservation in an unmixed state 
is of comparatively recent origin. Formerly the breeds of Norfolk 
and Suffolk were not regarded as the same. While both were red 
and hornless, yet the red polled cattle of Suffolk were unquestion- 
ably somewhat larger and coarser than were those of Norfolk, but 
under the system of breeding followed for many years past and the 
fact that they are now all classed as one breed under the name of 
Red Polled cattle, and all recorded in one herd book, this difference 
is fast disappearing. A herd book for this breed was established 

by Mr. Henry F. Euren, of Norwich, in 1874, and since that time 
44 



346 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

stimulated largely by the demand for polled or hornless cattle in 
America, they have advanced rapidly in popularity, especially in this 
country. 

In the Red Polled Herd Book above referred to the editor, 
alluding to the fact that formerly the cattle of Norfolk and Suffolk 
were of various colors, such as red-and-white, brindle, and yellowish- 
cream color, says: "The fashion has during the last forty years 
set steadily in one direction. The red, which is now recognized as 
the mark of excellence, is a deep, rich blood-red, and the spot of 
white on the udder, which Mr. George held to be a sign of good 
breeding, has been crossed out. The predominance of the deep red 
shows plainly the degree in which the old Norfolk breed has affected 
the polls; and, on the contrary, the freedom from horns and from 
white on the udder and face is evidence of the persistence of the 
Suffolk Polled character. The amalgamation of the two varieties 
— Norfolk Polled and Suffolk Polled — may with certainty be traced 
from the year 1846. Both counties henceforth met in an honorable 
competition in the show yard. Purchase of the handsomest and 
truest bred red stock became the desire of all the breeders. The 
result of this zeal was soon made evident, not only at county shows, 
but also at the Royal Agricultural Society meetings. The breed, 
however, continued to be without a name until the Royal, at the 
Battersea meeting in 1862, opened classes for 'Norfolk and Suffolk 
Polled ' cattle. This cognomen was thereupon adopted by Norfolk, 
but it was never accepted by the Suffolk Society, whose practice it 
has been either to provide classes for ' Suffolks, 1 or — and this very 
recently — for 'Suffolk and Norfolk Polled. 7 This breed now hav- 
ing its herd book, and being distributed far beyond the boundaries 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 347 

of the two counties, is henceforth to be known as the ' Red Polled,' 
and the register as the 'Red Polled Herd Book.'" 

A Red Polled Cattle Society was organized in this country in 
November, 1883, and an American Red Polled Herd Book is now 
carried on, one volume of which has been issued. Mr. ]. C. Mur- 
ray, of Maquoketa, la., is Secretary of the Society and has charge 
of its Herd Book. Those in search of such particulars as are known 
concerning the history of the breed are referred to the introductory 
matter contained in the above-mentioned Herd Books. 

In general appearance the Red Polled cattle are very similar to 
the Devon, barring the horns. They were originally celebrated 
more for dairy qualities than as a beef-producing breed, but the 
efforts of breeders of later years appear to have been largely de- 
voted toward effecting improvement in the latter quality, and in 
this they appear to have met with a large measure of success. 
The uniform red color and the absence of horns are firmly fixed 
characteristics, and their partisans claim for them a combination of 
beef-producing and dairy qualities that are not equaled by anv 
other hornless breed. 



RED POLLED COW DUCHESS OF IOWA (2772). 

Calved April 2, 1883; bred by G. F. Taber, Patterson, N. Y., 
and calved the property of Gen. L. F. Ross, Iowa City, la.; got 
by imp. Mason (698), dam Jilt by Handsome Prince (317); 2d dam 
Rosebud by Baron Handsome (254). Also her yearling bull calf 
Slasher 2d (1076) by Prospero (732), and sucking calf Hawkeye 
by Prime Minister (545). [See page 450.] The sketch of the group 
was made when the calf was only twenty-four hours old. The 
cow Duchess of Iowa was the first pure Red Polled heifer calved 
in the State of Iowa; at three years old her weight was 1,110 lbs. 
Slasher at one year old weighed 720 lbs. Sketched from life by 
Hills. 



(348) 



RED POLLED BULL PRIME MINISTER (545). 

Calved Jan. 11, 1881 ; bred by Nicholas Powell, Norfolk, England; 
imported June, 1883, by Geldard & Busk and now (t886) owned by 
Gen. L. F. Ross, Iowa City, la.; got by Norfolk John 2d (527), 
dam Primrose 3d by Norfolk John (131); 2d dam Polly (416). 
Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(35°) 




IP', 111 ' \ jjAiLl^— ( - «-^& 



CHAPTER XV. 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE. 

To write the history of the origin of this breed is simply impos- 
sible, for the breed itself is older than the written history of the 
country of its nativity, North Holland and the Netherlands. As 
early as 1350 a French historian states that Holland had for five 
hundred years previously been famous for its dairy products, and it 
is believed that in the early efforts at improvement in the breeds of 
cattle for dairy purposes nearly all other countries drew upon this 
fountain-head to aid in accomplishing their object. 

Prof. Hengerveld, in a history of the breed prepared for the Mas- 
sachusetts Agricultural Society in 1872, says that "The genealogy of 
the Netherland cattle is pure and unadulterated, and it is at least 
2,000 years old;" and in speaking of its influence upon the cattle of 
the adjacent counties it is stated in the introduction to the third 
volume of the Dutch-Friesian Herd Book that : 

"It has been a race stock, sending out branches over all the 
lowlands of Northern Europe. The Oldenburgh breed, the Breiten- 
burg breed, the Ditmarshers, the two varieties of Groningen cattle, 
the Zeeland cattle, and the black-and-white cattle of Flanders, all 
have sprung from it. As a central stock, mainly bred in Friesland 
and North Holland, it has always maintained its pre-eminence, and 

45 



354 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

from it is continually drawn the elements for the improvement of 
the other breeds. Probably there is no other breed or race of cattle 
that has received less admixture of other blood during the long 
period over which this sketch extends. Yet it cannot be denied 
that admixture from other races has taken place. The ravages of 
war and disease have sometimes compelled importation to replenish 
the depleted herds. At such times resort has been made to French 
and German breeds. English breeds have also been introduced to 
a limited extent. Red-and-white offspring, from black-and-white an- 
cestry of several generations, are sometimes produced. These have 
come to be considered, in the Netherlands, as of the same original 
breed, although the evidence of reversion is unmistakable. 

"Within the last ten years a degree of interest has been awak- 
ened in several parts of the Netherlands with a view to the form- 
ation of an improved breed. Two associations of breeders have 
been established and a class of superior cattle selected and regis- 
tered as foundation stock. At the present time this class numbers 
about four thousand animals, about equally divided between the Neth- 
erlands and the Friesian Associations. In the beginning neither 
Association made any distinction in the colors, regarding all as 
equally pure, and worthy of entering into the formation of the im- 
proved breed. The Friesian Association has advanced to the classi- 
fication of the colors and to the breeding of the variegated black- 
and-white as a distinct and separate class. This class very largely 
predominates. At the present time at least nine-tenths of the regis- 
try of both herd books are of these black-and-white variegated cattle. 
Several volumes of the Friesian Herd Book are exclusively of this 
class, and it requires but little foresight to discover that the time 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 355 

will shortly come when the other colors will be entirely dropped. 
This class of cattle are of very nearly uniform build, size, and quality. 
Full-grown cows will weigh from 1,000 to 1,500 lbs. in moderate 
flesh. The great majority would, however, be included in a range 
from 1,100 to 1,300 lbs., and the mean of 1,200 lbs. may be regarded 
as the live weight of the average Holstein-Friesian cow." 

But while a general uniformity in breed characteristics has pre- 
vailed among the cattle of North Holland and the Netherlands for 
hundreds of years, yet there have been minor differences in the 
cattle of the various districts; and especially in the matter of color 
there has been a lack of uniformity, as shown in the above extract, 
although the piebald black-and-white has long been the prevailing 
one throughout the entire region above mentioned. In recent years 
the tide has set strongly in favor of this as against all other colors, 
but the black-and-white characteristic has not been established so 
long and so thoroughly as to prevent an occasional reversion to red 
instead of black spots, and in some cases to the pure white, which 
was once not at all uncommon. Indeed, it is only within a very 
recent period that the Dutch breeders appear to have given any 
special attention to the matter of color, that being a point that has 
been left largely to take care of itself, selections having apparently 
been made solely with a view to dairy qualities, regardless of the 
color of the hair. And in the matter of herd books and records of 
pedigrees Americans appear to have led the way, and set an exam- 
ple which has wisely been followed in the old country — an example 
that will doubtless lead to still further improvement and the produc- 
tion of a greater degree of uniformity in the breed in its original 
home. 



356 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

Cattle of this famous race were introduced into this country 
at an early date — certainly as early as 1625 — by the Dutch West 
India Company, and it is said that many other importations were 
made by the early Dutch settlers of the State of New York, but 
no effort was made to maintain them as a separate breed or to pre- 
serve any records of their descendants. They were crossed and 
recrossed upon the other breeds and races of the country, and while 
their identity as a distinct breed was lost they undoubtedly exercised 
a powerful influence upon the general dairy stock of that region, and 
subsequently upon the cattle of nearly all the Middle States. But 
notwithstanding this early introduction of Dutch cattle into America 
and the unquestioned influence of the blood on the general dairy 
stock as above stated, it was not until about 1852, when Mr. W. W. 
Chenery, of Massachusetts, made his first importation, that attention 
was especially called to their merits as a distinct and desirable breed. 
Since that time, however, their growth in popular favor has been un- 
precedented in the history of the improved breeds of this country. 

Various names have been applied to cattle of this breed in the 
United States, and the diversity of usage on this point, as well as 
on the restrictions and regulations essential to registration, led to no 
small degree of controversy, and finally to the organization of two 
separate societies and the publication of two herd books, one known 
as the Holstein, of which nine volumes were issued, and the other 
the Dutch-Friesian, which reached its fourth volume. Early in 1885, 
however, a union of these two associations was effected, and the 
compound Holstein-Friesian was agreed upon as a compromise name 
to be recognized from that time onward. Since then the original 
herd books of both societies have been discontinued, and Vol. I of 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 357 

a new herd book, the Holstein-Friesian, has been issued. Thomas 
B. Wales, Jr., of Iowa City, la., is Secretary of the consolidated 
organization, and has charge of. its Herd Book. 

That these cattle possess almost unequaled capacity for the pro- 
duction of milk and cheese will scarcely be questioned ; but they have 
not been particularly famed as butter-producers, although there have 
been instances of remarkable capacity in this direction as well. The 
cow Mercedes, illustrated in this volume on page 365, was awarded 
the Challenge Cup offered by the Breeders Gazette for the greatest 
butter yield for thirty consecutive days for the year ending July 1, 
1883, open to all breeds; her yield, thoroughly well authenticated, 
having been 99 lbs. 6y£ oz. of unsalted butter. And in the matter 
of butter production it is doubtless true that the general quality of 
the Holstein-Friesian breed has been greatly improved within the 
past decade. Some remarkable yields of both milk and butter are 
mentioned in connection with the illustrations of the breed which are 
to be found on the following pages. It is also claimed by the par- 
tisans of the breed that they possess a considerable degree of merit 
as beef producers, and certainly some branches of the family, notably 
the Oldenburgers, are among the very best cattle of continental 
Europe for that purpose; but it is mainly as a dairy breed that the 
Holstein-Friesian has gained its way to popular favor in America. 
They possess large frames, as a breed they have unusually good 
digestive powers, and the young animals make a rapid growth. No 
colors other than the piebald black-and-white are recognized among 
pure-bred Holstein-Friesians in this country. 



GROUP OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE OF THE 

AAGGIE FAMILY. 

The group of select animals seen on the opposite page is made 
up of representatives of the famous Aaggie tribe, renowned for their 
wonderful milk records in the Lakeside Herd of Messrs. Smiths, 
Powell & Lamb, of Syracuse, N. Y.; the animals represented being 
Aaggie, her son Neptune, Aaggie Rosa, Aaggie Beauty, Aaggie 
Beauty 2d, Aaggie Kathleen, Aaggie May and calf (Horace) by Nep- 
tune. The family was first brought prominently into notice through 
the performances of Aaggie 901 and Lady Clifden 159 (daughters 
of the North Holland bull Rooker), one of these (Lady Clifden) 
having been the first cow of the breed known to have produced 
16,275 lbs. of milk in twelve months, while the other (Aaggie) sup- 
plemented this with a test of 18,004 ms - in a year. These were the 
largest tests on record at the time they were made, but later on 
Aaggie 2d (double granddaughter of old Rooker) gave 17,746 lbs. 
2 oz. of milk in a year as a two-year-old heifer with' her first calf, 
which record was subsequently raised as the heifer matured to 20,736 
lbs. Aaggie Rosa gave 16,156 lbs. 10 oz. the first year after her 
importation. Aaggie Beauty yielded 13,573 lbs. 15 oz. in twelve 
months when just out of quarantine, and numerous other cows and 
heifers of the sort have performed almost equally astounding work 
at the pail. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(35 s ) 



GROUP OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE OF THE 

VIOLET FAMILY. 

Another very celebrated tribe of Holstein-Friesians are the Vio- 
lets, a group of which, the property of Mr. Edgar Huidekoper, of 
Meadville, Pa., are shown in the beautiful engraving appearing upon 
the opposite page. The fine aged bull on the right is Violet Prince 
4209, got by the prize bull Anton 462, out of old Violet 743, 
seen in left center of the cut. This cow has given 86 lbs. 12 oz. 
of milk in a day, and completed her six-year-old record with the 
remarkable yield of 18,677 ms - 4 oz - m twelve months. While 
averaging 76 lbs. of milk per day she made 19 lbs. 9 oz. of butter 
in seven days. Violet Verbena 9388, the handsome cow in left 
foreground, is own sister to Violet Prince, and gave with her second 
calf 69^ lbs. of milk per day, making 12 lbs. 5 oz. of butter in seven 
days. Violet 2d 3526 (lying down in background) is a daughter 
of Mr. Huidekoper's well-known prize bull Billy Boelyn 189, dam 
Violet. Violet Belladonna 9389 by Wouter 460, out of Violet 
(immediately behind her) has a four-year-old record of 70^ lbs. of 
milk in a day and 14,504 lbs. in a year. Within ten days after 
calving, and then giving 40 lbs. per day, she made 15 lbs. 2 oz. of 
butter in seven days. The younger bull in left background, Violet 
King 4210, is an own brother to the cow just named, having for 
sire Wouter 460, he by Wouter 2d, a prize bull and sire of prize 
stock in Holland. The heifer in foreground is Violetta 7396, Violet's 
calf of 1884 by Billy Boelyn 189. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(360) 



IKllti ■:■ ': f '•] ,A ■.;■■ r. "i i irutlllilM:(lNii'i.i ■ -i ..:=.;":- ■ tu , .-r , . i fjiiifiiu:itin<:irj.iv.----i i.-w-i.-.,.:j' - "" 




i-' ' 



GROUP OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE OF THE 
NETHERLAND FAMILY. 

The animals shown in the group appearing upon the opposite 
page represent a quartette of cows, a young bull, and two calves, 
descending from the famous deep-milking Netherland tribe, and be- 
longing to the Reliance Stock Farm Herd, property of Jere Allis, 
of Isinours, Minn. The young bull in the right foreground is the 
choice "butter-bred" animal Netherland Carl 3279, bred by Messrs. 
Smiths, Powell & Lamb, got by Netherland Prince (716), out of 
Carlotta (1266), and stands at the head of Mr. Allis' herd. The 
cow lying on the left is Aaggie Beatrice 2d 5243, imported by 
Messrs. Smiths & Powell in 1883 as a calf, the heifer calf near her 
being her daughter Netherland Beatrice. In the middle background 
is the imported heifer Netherland Maid 6737, and in central fore- 
ground is seen Aaggie Lotta 4405 (imported from North Holland 
June, 1883) and calf Netherland Czar. The heifer on the right is 
Netherland Jewel 2d 3492, imported in dam, Netherland Jewel 
1(2642), in September, 1882. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(362) 




.wffi' l ii , .w\-'i ! i:.i:n i . "■j'-j- Vi.iVi ■ - - '' ' \\< ^., ; i^'i 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW MERCEDES 723. 

Calved March 28, 1878; bred by K. N. Kuperus, Friesland; im- 
ported September, 1879, by Thomas B. Wales, Jr., Iowa City, la. 
This cow has the distinguished honor of having won the champion 
cup offered by the Breeder's Gazette for greatest butter yield for 
thirty consecutive days for the year ending July 1, 1883, open to 
all breeds; her well-authenticated record for the thirty days com- 
mencing with May 13 and ending June 11 being 99 lbs. 6^ oz. of 
unsalted butter, the average yield per day being 3 lbs. 5 oz. Sketched 
from life by Burk, September, 1883. 



(364) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW PRINCESS OF WAYNE 3 d 

I 3 I 5- 

Calved January, 1881; bred and owned b) T T. G. Yeomans & 
Sons, Walworth, N. Y. ; got by Burly 394, dam Princess of Wayne 
954. This cow in her three-year-old form made 18 lbs. 12 oz. of 
unsalted butter in seven consecutive days, and 76 lbs. 12^ oz. in 
thirty days; and her dam, Princess of Wayne, at five years old, 
made 22 lbs. 9 oz. of butter in seven days, and 91 lbs. ]/ 2 oz. in 
thirty days, and the same year gave 20,469 lbs. 9 oz. of milk. 
Her weight at the end of this test was 1,475 ms - Sketched from 
life by Burk. 



(366) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW IMOGENE 333. 

Calved 1875; bred by A. De Goede, North Holland; imported 
1877 by George E. Brown, of Aurora, 111., and soon afterward sold 
by him to his present owners, S. S. Mann & Son, of Elgin, 111., in 
whose hands she has won an enviable reputation in the show ring, 
she having been a sweepstakes prize-winner at several prominent 
State Fairs in 1884, the only year, we believe, that she was shown. 
She has a milk record of 86 lbs. in one day. Sketched from life 
by Burk, showing her at nine years old. 



(368) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW EMPRESS 539. 

Calved May 14, 1871; bred by J. Man, North Holland; imported 
February, 1879, by her present owner, Gerrit S. Miller, Peterboro, 
N. Y., who selected her in person on account of her great milking 
capacity, it being represented to him that she had a record of 108 
lbs. in one day. In her thirteenth year she gave 19,714 lbs. 4 oz. 
of milk in 365 consecutive days, the test ending April 16, 1884. 
Sketched from life by Page. 



'370) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW LADY FAY 4470. 

Calved March, 1879; bred by Mr. A. C. Melchour, of North 
Holland; imported 1883 by her present owners, Messrs. Smiths, 
Powell & Lamb, Syracuse, N. Y. Lady Fay has a milk record of 
97 lbs. 5 oz. in one day, and 20,412 lbs. 3 oz. in one year, and a 
butter record of 19 lbs. 2^ oz. in seven days, making a pound of 
butter to 20.28 lbs. of milk. She has had an eminently successful 
show-yard career, among her triumphs being the first prize in the 
dairy department at the Chicago Fat-Stock Show of November, 
1885. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(372) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BULL ROYAL AAGGIE 3463. 

Calved April 27, 1882; bred by J. Wit, of North Holland; 
imported October, 1883, by his present owners, T. G. Yeomans & 
Sons, Walworth, N. Y. ; got by De Reuiter (89), dam De Schot 
(573)' The dam of this bull has a milk record of 82^ lbs. in a 
day, and he is strongly in-bred, in both the paternal and maternal 
lines, to Rooker, one of the most celebrated sires of this breed. 
Sketched by Burk from life, showing the bull at three years old. 



(374) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW SUSIE CLAY 1590. 

Calved May 7, 1881; bred by W. A. Russell, Lawrence, Mass.; 
got by Sligo 621, a bull bred by H. Swaan, of North Holland, and 
imported by Mr. Russell; dam Jenny Clay 341 by Dictator 82; 2d 
dam Lady Clay 158; imported by W. A. Russell in 1874; owned 
by George E. Brown & Co., Aurora, 111. Sketched from life by 
Burk. 



(376) 



HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN BULL MOOIE 3 d 259. 

Calved Aug. 28, 1883; bred by Unadilla Valley Stock-Breeders' 
Association, West Edmeston, N. Y.; got by Mooie 26, dam Jantine 
2d 3521; owned by the Northwestern Breeders 7 Association, Benson, 
Minn., and used by them as stud bull at the head of their herd. 
Sketched from life by Burk. 



(37 s ) 



IMPORTED HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN COW LADY OF 

JELSUM 1627. 

Calved March, 1877; bred by Mr. E. Bonnema, of Friesland; 
imported May, 1881, by her owner, Thomas B. Wales, Jr., Iowa 
City, la. This cow has a milk record of 78 lbs. in one day and of 
2,227 m s. m thirty consecutive clays. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(380) 



GROUP OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE. 

The engraving which appears on the opposite page represents a 
group of Holstein-Friesian cattle owned by Dr. W. A. Pratt, of 
Elgin, 111. The bull is Cyclone 392, bred by J. Doets, of North 
Holland, and imported by Gerrit S. Miller, of Peterboro, N. Y. His 
dam, Coronet 544, it is said, had a very large milk record in Hol- 
land. The cow in the center is Duchess of York 120, calved March, 
1874; bred in North Holland and imported by J. H. Comer, of 
Goshen, N. Y. She was a very prominent feature in the Holstein 
rings at the leading Western shows of 1883, winning first prizes 
that year at the State Fairs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinois. 
She has a milk record of 841 lbs. in ten clays, and 873^ lbs. in one 
day. The other cow is Galaxy 2d 310, calved August, 1877; g ot 
by Bleecker 3, out of Texelaar 12th 59. The calf is by Cyclone 
392, out of Countess of Flanders. Engraved after a sketch from life 
by Corwine. 



(382) 



CHAPTER XVI. 



JERSEY, GUERNSEY, AND ALDERNEY CATTLE. 

Jersey, Guernsey, and Alderney are the names of three islands 
situated in the English Channel off the coast of France, and which, 
with a few smaller ones, form the group known as the Channel 
Islands. The cattle on these islands are similar in most respects, 
and have been known under the general appellation of Channel 
Islands cattle, although when first introduced into this country they 
were all called Alderneys. In fact by this generic name all the 
Channel Islands cattle were designated until within a comparatively 
recent period, both in this country and in England. They are all 
more or less distinguished for their dairy product. But while this 
is their general characteristic, the cattle of each of the islands named 
are kept distinct, and no crossing is permitted. Neither are live 
cattle from any other country permitted to be brought into any of 
these islands, the local authorities having as early as 1763 passed 
very severe laws against the importation of cattle other than for 
immediate slaughter for beef. The cattle of the Island of Jersey 
and those of Alderney resemble each other more closely perhaps 
than those of Jersey and Guernsey, but in fact the points of differ- 
ence between the cattle of all these islands are so slight that they 

might with great propriety all be classed as a single breed. As 

49 



386 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

with all others of the more ancient and well-established breeds of 
cattle the remote origin of the Channel Islands cattle is unknown; 
but there can be no question that they are all descended from 
substantially the same stock — that of the adjacent French provinces 
of Normandy and Brittany in France. Having been bred without 
intermixture from outside sources, and constantly with reference 
to the quantity and quality of their butter product for at least one 
hundred and fifty years, it is no wonder that they have come to be 
generally regarded as the butter cow -par excellence of the world 
— certainly greatly superior to the French breeds from which they 
are believed to have descended. It is not so much for the quantity 
of the milk yield that these cattle are famed as for its peculiar 
richness in cream and in the quantity of rich, finely-flavored, golden- 
colored butter that it produces. 

The Jerseys are the most numerous, as Jersey is much the larg- 
est island of the group — larger, indeed, than all the others com- 
bined. The Guernsey cattle are larger, and perhaps coarser than 
the Jerseys; and it is claimed that while they are equally as desir- 
able as the latter with regard to the quantity and quality of the 
cream and milk, they fatten off more readily and are more valua- 
ble for beef. On this account it is urged that they are better 
than the cattle of Jersey and Alderney for the general farmer for 
dairy purposes or for crossing upon other stock. On the other 
hand, the breeders of Jersey cattle claim superiority for this breed 
over all others in the quality of the milk and cream, and in the 
purity of the breed. The cattle of Alderney are, as a class, smaller 
and more delicate than those of Jersey and Guernsey, and but very 
few of them have been brought to America. 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 387 

Mr. James P. Swain says: "I consider the cows on the Island 
of Jersey, Norman mixed with another distinct breed, the main 
characteristics of each being still plainly visible, though growing- 
less so yearly. The original, or highest type, I call the wild Jersey; 
the other type I consider Norman or Guernsey. The wild Jersey 
has a black nose, black tongue, and mealy muzzle; the other a buff 
nose. The wild Jersey's horns are black, pointed, firm, with single 
curve, forming nearly a semicircle, deeply fluted inside when taken 
off. The other has weak horns, shelly, yellow, waxy near the head, 
inclined downward, with double curve, compacted, smooth inside 
when taken off. The color of the female wild Jersey is chocolate, 
or mink color, no white spots, and the males nearly black. The 
others are yellowish, brown-and-white, star in forehead. The wild 
Jersey's skin is olive brown; the other, skin very yellow, even to 
the end of the tail. In the wild Jersey the tail terminates in a 
small tuft of long hairs, the skin near the end scaly with the accu- 
mulation of coloring matter. The other, skin on tail very yellow, 
even to the end, where there is an accumulation of coloring matter, 
which the Guernsey men call 'a lump of butter 7 ; the long hair on 
the tail starts higher up. 1 ' 

The importation of cattle from these islands (mainly from the 
Island of Jersey) to the United States began about thirty-five years 
ago, and the demand which followed their early importation has 
grown constantly and rapidly until it is believed that a majority of 
the most desirable representatives of the breed have been brought 
to this country. But it is also true that this demand has had a 
powerful effect upon Jersey breeders on the island and has stimu- 
lated them to an earnest effort for improvement in the breed at 



388 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

home, and a herd book was started on the island in 1866. Two 
years later the American Jersey Cattle Club was organized at 
Philadelphia with about forty members, and this Club has since 
grown to be perhaps the most active, influential and wealthy organ- 
ization of the kind in the world. It has guarded the purity of the 
breed with the greatest care, has surrounded the registration of 
cattle in its Herd Book with every safeguard that ingenuity and 
experience could suggest to prevent fraud and imposition upon the 
public, and has been from its organization a powerful factor in 
popularizing the breed in America. Twenty-one volumes of its 
Herd Book have been issued. Mr. T. J. Hand, of New York city, 
is Secretary of the Club. Neither Guernsey nor Alderney cattle 
are admitted to registry by this Club. 

Jerseys may be classed as among the small breeds, but the 
tendency of American breeders is toward greater size than that 
usually found on the island. The bone is fine, and they usually 
carry but little flesh. In color there is some variation, but the 
Jersey calf is almost always light or dark fawn colored, sometimes 
with white markings; but solid color is preferred by Jersey breeders 
generally. The fawn color of the calf frequently changes with its 
second growth of hair, so that the "body color" varies in different 
animals from a light fawn to a squirrel gray and light and dark 
brown. Black tongues, noses and switches are preferred by Jersey 
fanciers generally. The illustrations which follow show the variations 
in color very clearly, and the descriptive matter in connection there- 
with sets forth the wonderful capacity of the best specimens of the 
breed as butter producers in such a striking manner as to almost 
stagger belief; but all the tests given in connection with the illustra- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 389 

tions are thoroughly well authenticated. A book entitled "Butter 
Tests of Jersey Cows," compiled and published by Major Campbell 
Brown, Thomas H. Malone, and M. M. Gardner, of Tennessee, and 
issued early in 1884, contains the names of nearly four hundred and 
fifty Jersey cows owned in the United States and Canada that had 
what were considered well-authenticated tests of 14 lbs. of butter or 
over in seven consecutive days; and to this work, as well as to the 
introductory matter in the early volumes of the Jersey Herd Register, 
the reader is referred for further information concerning the breed. 
Guernsey cattle have not been anything like so extensively intro- 
duced into this country as the Jerseys, and those who have imported 
and bred them have been rather modest in placing their merits 
before the public. As previously stated, they are usually rather 
larger than the Jerseys, are coarser boned, less angular in outline, 
carry rather more flesh, and are not so dark colored, the light fawn 
and yellowish shades predominating, instead of the darker tints as 
in the Jerseys. In common with the Jersey, however, the butter- 
producing quality is wonderfully developed, and it is claimed by 
their partisans that the natural yellow coloring matter is more 
abundant in the cream of the Guernsey cow than in that of any 
other of the Channel Islands cattle. A herd book has been in ex- 
istence on the island for several years; and the American Guernsey 
Cattle Club, of which Mr. Edward Norton, of Farmington, Conn., 
is Secretary, although of recent origin, numbered at its last annual 
meeting (December, 1885) eighty-nine members, and reported a total 
registration of 3,887 purely-bred Guernsey cattle. 



JERSEY COW PRINCESS 2D 8046. 

The record of 44 lbs. lyi oz. of unsalted butter within seven 
consecutive days made by Princess 2d, beginning Feb. 22 and end- 
ing with March 1, 1885, is so much beyond what had previously 
been supposed to be the highest capacity of even the very best 
Jersey cows that the statement would scarcely be credited anywhere 
were it not that the test was conducted under such circumstances 
and is so well attested in every particular as to leave no room to 
doubt its correctness. Mr. J. Henry Gest, of Cincinnati, O., was 
appointed by the Jersey Cattle Club to supervise the test in all its 
details, and his official report was published in the Breeder's Gazette 
of March 19, 1885, page 428, giving the exact weight of milk and 
of butter produced for each day of the test, together with a detailed 
statement of the food consumed. The total yield of milk during this 
period of seven days was 299^ lbs., the highest yield per day being 
443/2 lbs. and the lowest 40 lbs., the average during the test being 
1 lb. of butter to 6.4 lbs. of milk. This wonderful cow was calved 
Feb. 22, 1877; bred by A. Le Gallais on the Island of Jersey, and 
imported in 1879; owned at the time of test by Mrs. S. M. Shoe- 
maker, Baltimore, Md. She was got by Khedive (P. S. 103), out 
of Princess (F. S. 1294), making her what is known in Jersey 
breeding circles as a Coomassie- Welcome cow. Color, light fawn 
with some white on the belly; weight in very moderate flesh, 1,125 
lbs. Engraved from a photograph from life. 



(390) 



JERSEY COW OXFORD'S KATE 13646. 

Next in rank to Princess 2d (illustrated on the preceding page), 
by virtue of the seven days' butter record, is Oxford's Kate, shown 
on the page facing herewith. Her great test, conducted with the 
strictest care and accuracy by Mr. Andrew Banks, acting under 
official orders from the Jersey Cattle Club, commencing April 1 and 
ending April 8, 1885, showed a total yield of 248^ lbs. of milk, 
which produced 38 lbs. 2 oz. of unsalted butter. The official report 
of this test, showing the exact amount and kinds of food consumed, 
with the weights of milk and butter for each day, and the methods 
employed to insure accuracy and prevent fraud, will be found on 
page 589 of the Breeders Gazette for April 16, 1885. This cow 
was bred on the Island of Jersey; calved Feb. 20, 1879; got by 
Pilot (P. S. 183) out of Verclut (F. S. 1846); color, light brown, 
with white markings. Owned at time of test by Mrs. S. M. Shoe- 
maker, Baltimore, Md. Engraved from a photograph from life. 



(39-^) 



JERSEY COW MARY ANNE OF ST. LAMBERT 9770. 

Third in rank, by virtue of the seven days' butter test, and for 
a long time at the head of the list, is Mary Anne of St. Lambert, 
calved March 26, 1879; bred by R. H. Stephens; got by Stoke 
Pogis 3d 2238, dam Dolly of St. Lambert 5480. Solid color; weight, 
in light flesh, 1,050 lbs. Tested Sept. 23 to 30, 1884, seven days, 
under the supervision of a committee appointed by the American 
Jersey Cattle Club, and showed a yield of 245 lbs. of milk, from 
which was made 35 lbs. 8^ oz. of unsalted butter, being about 1 
lb. of butter to 7 lbs. of milk. The official report of this test, with 
very full details as to feeding, etc., was published in the Breeders 
Gazette of Oct. 16, 1884, page 570. This cow was the principal 
competitor with the Holstein cow Mercedes in the contest for the 
challenge cup in 1883 [see page 364], her test for this cup for thirty 
days, commencing May 29, 1883, having resulted in a total yield of 
1,138 lbs. of milk and 97 lbs. 8^4 oz. of unsalted butter. In a test 
of 248 consecutive days, ending Jan. 31, 1884, her total yield of 
butter, salted one ounce to the pound and thoroughly worked, was 
720 lbs. y± oz., verified by affidavits of reliable parties. This remark- 
able cow was owned by Valancey E. Fuller, of Hamilton, Ont., in 
whose hands several other members of the St. Lambert family of 
Jerseys have made remarkable records. Engraving made from a 
photograph from life. 



(394) 



JERSEY COW NANCY LEE 7618 AND CALF NANCY 

LEE 2D. 

Calved April 17, 1876; bred by John Le Mottee, Island of Jersey; 
imported September, 1878, by E. P. P. Fowler; solid color, black 
switch; got by Claimant (P. S. 84), dam Nonpareil (F. S. 1248); 
owned by C. Easthope, Niles, O. This cow has a milk record of 
2,816 quarts in nine months as a two-year-old, and tested by Mr. 
Easthope, her yield, as verified by affidavit, was for thirty-one 
consecutive days 1,430 lbs. 3 oz., from which 95 lbs. 3^ oz. of 
unsalted butter was made. Her highest daily yield during this test 
was 53 lbs. 8 oz., from which 4 lbs. 2 x / 2 oz. of unsalted butter was 
made; and in seven consecutive days of this period she gave 360 
lbs. 12 oz. of milk, which made 26 lbs. 8^ oz. of unsalted butter. 
Her food during this test was two quarts of corn-meal and three 
quarts of bran twice daily. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(396) 



JERSEY COW BELMEDA 6229. 

Calved March 30, 1877; bred by S. W. Sterrett, Carlisle, Pa.; 
got by Superb 1956, son of Pierrot 2d 1669, dam Orphean 4636 
by Hurd's Ivanhoe 1522. This cow was tested seven days, April 
3 to 9, 1883, and yielded 202 lbs. 12 oz. of milk, from which 18 
lbs. 12 oz. of butter was made, salted one ounce to the pound and 
worked dry. Solid color, with black switch. Owned at time of 
test by G. R. Dykeman, Shippensburg, Pa. Sketched from life by 
Corwine. 



(398) 



JERSEY BULL ROYALIST 3 d 4500. 

Calved Dec. 13, 1878; bred by Samuel Stratton; got by Royalist 
2906 [son of Duke (76), out of Regina 32, seven days' test of 20^ 
lbs.]; his dam, Nelly 6456, a cow with a test of 21 lbs. of butter 
in seven days. Solid color; owned by Col. Charles F. Mills, Spring- 
field, 111. Engraved after a sketch from life by Dewey. 



(400) 



JERSEY BULL CALF KING OF ASHANTEE 6677. 

Calved Feb. 15, 1882; bred by S. M. Burnham, Saugatuck, Conn.; 
got by Fairfield 4733 (a bull tracing to old Noble), and his dam 
was the famous old Jersey matron Coomassie 11874, the maternal 
ancestress of so many great butter cows. Solid color, with black 
points; owned by C. Easthope, Niles, O., and used by him as his 
principal breeding bull. Sketched by Burk, showing him at a little 
over one year old. 



(402) 



JERSEY BULL PEORIA CHIEF 4984. 

Calved Feb. 6, 1880; got by Colonel Butler 1561 (son of Excel- 
sior of Jersey, out of Grace Darling 2d), dam Pomare 6003, a 
granddaughter of Mercury 432. Solid color, black switch. Owned 
and kept at the head of the breeding herd of D. H. & S. S. Tripp, 
Peoria, 111. This bull was very successful in the show rings at the 
Illinois State Fair in 1882, when he was awarded four first prizes. 
Sketched from life by Burk. 



(404) 



GROUP OF JERSEY CATTLE. 

The group on the opposite page is made up of selections from 
the Jersey herd of C. S. Dole, Esq., of Crystal Lake, 111. The 
fawn-colored cow on the left, as we look at the picture, is Belle of 
Collingwood 5565. This cow is especially rich in the blood of Albert 
44. Her sire, Simon Peter 1848, was by Pansy's Albert 1008, son 
of Albert 44, and Simon Peter's dam was also by Albert 44; his 
2d dam by McClellan 25. Belle of Collingwood 's dam was Flora 
3d 4369, and she by Albert 44; 2d dam Flora 420 (by McClellan 
25), a granddaughter of imp. Pansy 8. The other cow is Quaker 
Girl 4551, a nearly solid-colored dark fawn, and is a full sister to 
Belle of Collino-wood. Neither of these cows have been tested for 
butter. The bull calf, which forms the center of the group, is out 
of Quaker Girl, and was got by Daisy's Champion, a bull that traces 
twice in three removes to Champion of America 1567, and whose 
dam is a daughter of Rex 1330. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(406) 



GUERNSEY COW ROSEBUD OF LES VAUXBELETS 4 th. 

Calved July 19, 1879; bred by James James, Island of Guernsey, 
and imported 1882 by her present owner, I. J. Clapp, of Kenosha, 
Wis. Color, fawn with some white. Tested at four years old, in 
midsummer, running on grass with other cows and fed same as Mr. 
Clapp's other dairy stock, showing a yield of 17 lbs. 10 oz. of butter 
in seven days. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(408) 



GUERNSEY BULL SIR CHAMPION i 3 th 320. 

Bred by Thomas M. Harvey, of Pennsylvania; got by imp. Sir 
Champion 30, dam Worthy Beauty 295. This bull is regarded as 
one among the best representatives of the breed in America. He is 
owned by I. J. Clapp, of Kenosha, and N. K. Fairbank, of Chicago, 
and is used jointly by both of these gentlemen at the head of their 
breeding herds. His weight at a little short of sixteen months old 
was 944 lbs. Sketched from life by Burk. 



(410) 



CHAPTER XVII. 



AYRSHIRE CATTLE. 

No better epitome of the history of the origin of the breed can 
be given than the following from that most excellent work " The 
Domesticated Animals of Great Britain" by Prof. Low: 

"Authentic records are wanting to show by what progressive 
steps the dairy breed of Ayrshire has been molded into its present 
form. That it was late in arriving at the estimation in which it 
is now held is well known. The old breed of the country seems to 
have been one of those varieties of coarse cattle, with horns of a 
medium length, which formerly occupied all the central mountains 
south of the Forth, and extended into the plains. Mr. Ayton, who 
published a treatise on the dairy husbandly of Ayrshire in 1825, 
describes them, from recollection, as having been a puny, unshapely 
race, not superior to those yet met with in many of the higher dis- 
tricts. They were mostly, he tells us, of a black color, marked 
with white on the face, the back and the flanks, and few of the 
cows yielded more than from one and a half to two gallons of milk 
in the day, at the hight of the season, or weighed, when fat, more 
than twenty stones. But previous to the period referred to cattle 
of other races had been mingled in blood with the native Ayrshire. 
It is stated, on competent authority, that, even so early as the mid- 



41 4 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

die of the century, the Earl of Marchmont had brought from his 
estates in Berwickshire a bull and several cows which he had pro- 
cured from the Bishop of Durham, of the Teeswater breed, then 
known by the name of the Holstein or Dutch breed; and mention 
is made of other proprietors who brought to their parks foreign 
cows apparently of the same race. To what degree these casual 
importations affected the native breed of Ayrshire is not certainly 
known; but tradition refers likewise to an early importation of indi- 
viduals of the Alderney breed to the parish of Dunlop, which became 
first distinguished for its cows and the produce of its dairy. This 
tradition is almost confirmed by the similarity existing between the 
Alderney breed and the modern Ayrshire, which is so great as to 
lead us, independently of tradition, to the conclusion that the blood 
of the one has been largely mixed with that of the other. There 
is the same peculiar character of the horns and color of the skin, 
and the general resemblance of the form is so great that in many 
cases a Jersey cow might be mistaken for an Ayrshire one. We 
may assume, then, from all the evidence which in the absence of 
authentic documents the case admits of, that the dairy breed of 
Ayrshire owes the characters which distinguish it from the older 
race to a mixture with the blood of races of the continent, and of 
the dairy breed of Alderney. 

" The modern Ayrshire may stand in the fourth or fifth class of 
British breeds with respect to size. The horns are small and curv- 
ing inward at the extremity after the manner of the Alderneys. 
The shoulders are light, and the loins very broad and deep, which 
is a conformation almost always accompanying the property of yield- 
ing abundant milk. The skin is moderately soft to the touch, and 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 415 

of an orange-yellow tinge, which appears about the eyes and on 
the mammse. The prevailing color is a reddish-brown, mixed more 
or less with white. The muzzle is usually dark, though often it is 
flesh-colored. The limbs are slender, the neck is small, and the 
head is free from coarseness. The muscles of the inner side of the 
thigh, technically called the twist, are thin; and the haunch frequently 
droops much to the rump, a character which exists likewise in the 
Alderney breed, and which, although it impairs the symmetry of 
the animal, is not regarded as inconsistent with the faculty of secret- 
ing milk. The udders are moderately large, without being flaccid. 
The cows are very docile and gentle, and hardy to the degree of 
bearing to subsist on ordinary food. They give a large quantity 
of milk in proportion to their size and the food consumed, and this 
milk is of excellent quality." 

The importation of Ayrshire cattle into the United States began 
about 1830, but notwithstanding the fact that they possess general 
dairy qualities of a high order, and a considerable aptitude to lay on 
flesh when it is desired to make beef of them, they have not become 
generally popular even in dairy districts. In the New England States 
they are quite common, but they have made very little headway 
in the Western States. The general form of the Ayrshire cow is 
the typical "wedge shape" so often spoken of as characteristic of a 
good dairy cow — small head and neck, light fore quarters broaden- 
ing out into a comparatively large trunk, with large, wide hind 
quarters. The color, all the various shades of red from light red 
to brown, and frequently flecked with fine white spots, as shown in 
our illustrations. The Ayrshire Herd Book of America is under 
the management of C. M. Winslow, Brandon, Vt. 



AYRSHIRE COW ALICE DOUGLAS 4398. 

The engraving on the opposite page is regarded as an unusually 
faithful likeness of the Ayrshire cow Alice Douglas 4398, owned 
Mr. George A. Fletcher, of Milton, Mass. This cow has been 
frequently tested by her owner, and has a record of 407^ lbs. of 
milk in seven days, 1,695 ms - m thirty days, and 4,031 lbs. in eighty 
days. From Feb. 10 to Aug. 6, 1886 — 181 days — she gave 8,250 
lbs. of milk, an average per day of 45.56 lbs., or 21.19 quarts. 
When four months in milk she made a butter record of 10 lbs. 12 
oz. in seven days. Sketch made by Hills from a photograph from 
life. 



(416) 



AYRSHIRE COW GURTA 4 th it8i. 

Calved 1879; bred by Thomas Guy, of Canada. This cow is a 
deep milker, having a record of 50 lbs. of milk per clay, and she 
weighs nearly 1,200 lbs. She has been among the most prominent 
of the representatives of her breed at many of the leading live- 
stock shows of Canada and the United States. Owned by Messrs. 
Coldren & Lee, Iowa City, la. Sketched from life by Palmer. 



(418) 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



OTHER BREEDS OF CATTLE. 

WEST HIGHLANDERS. 

This shaggy, picturesque breed, so popular in the West High- 
lands of Scotland, has been but sparingly introduced into the United 
States. Their probable relationship to the polled breeds of . Scot- 
land, especially the Galloway, is referred to on page 328 of this 
volume. They are undoubtedly descended from the native cattle 
of that country, and are among the most hardy of all known breeds 
of the bovine race. They are small, with long horns, and covered 
with a heavy, shaggy growth of long, fine hair, giving them a most 
picturesque appearance. The beef produced by this breed is of 
unusual excellence. They are of various colors, dun, brown and 
black predominating. 

KERRY CATTLE. 

The Kerry cattle of Ireland, a few of which have been brought 
to this country, are found chiefly in the mountainous County of 
Kerry, the most westerly land of Europe, and are described by Low 
as being generally black, with a white ridge along the spine, a char- 
acter agreeing with the account which older writers have given of 
the Uri of the woods of Poland. They have often also a white 
streak upon the belly, but they are of various colors, as black, brown, 



422 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

and mixed black and white, or black and brown. They are, as 
might be expected from the place of their nativity, remarkably 
hard) - , but of small size, and are especially valuable as a dairy 
breed. 

SWISS CATTLE. 

The Swiss cattle that have been brought to this country, most 
of them within the past ten years, have given very good satisfac- 
tion. They possess superior dairy qualities, are of medium size, and 
fatten readily. They are of various colors in their native country, 
but those that have been imported into the United States have 
been of a dun or "mouse color." 

TEXAN CATTLE. 

The cattle that for centuries have grazed on the plains of Texas 
and the adjacent countries, and more recently been used exten- 
sively as nuclei of breeding herds in more northern regions, are 
believed to be descendants of cattle brought over by the original 
Spanish settlers. They are a large, coarse, raw-boned breed; active, 
hardy, slow in coming to maturity, take on fat sparingly, and are 
especially remarkable for their immense horns. Their colors vary 
from a light dun or pale yellowish red to black, with various mark- 
ings of white. The illustration on the opposite page is a thoroughly 
representative picture of the typical Texan steer. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



THE BREEDS OF SHEEP. 

Sheep are commonly classified according to the characteristics 
of fleece. Thus results the terms fine wool, long wool, middle wool, 
so familiar in breeding and exhibition circles. Each of these grand 
divisions is subdivided into varieties more commonly designated 
by their peculiar habitat, the name of the breeder most intimately 
identified with their development, etc. The typical animals of these 
divisions are so unlike in size and general appearance as to leave 
upon the mind of the novice an impression that they belong to an 
entirely different race; while between certain of their numerous sub- 
divisions . the resemblance is so striking as to require the critical 
eye of the expert for determining their proper designation. 

MERINOS. 

The origin of the fine-wool sheep — the Merino in its several 
varieties — so far antedates any known history as to preclude the 
possibility of enlightenment upon that point beyond what is furnished 
by conjecture. However interesting authentic information might be 
to the student of history, all that the practical breeder could real- 
ize from such information is a knowledge of the fact that the descend- 
ants of admirable fine-wool sheep have been carefully bred and reared 

54 



426 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

in Spain and pure-bred descendants from these in other countries 
for nearly or quite two thousand years; and from these Spanish 
flocks, attaining their highest excellence during the latter half of 
the eighteenth century, have sprung all the tine-wool varieties of 
sheep, however widely divergent their present types may seem. In 
176 c; a number of fine-wool sheep — supposed to be about three hun- 
dred — were taken from Spain into Saxony, where, owned and con- 
trolled by the royal families, they assumed certain peculiarities of 
form and fleece materially differing from the parental stock. Some 
twenty years later (1786) the first importation of importance — some 
three hundred in number — was made into France. These also be- 
came the objects of royal care, and, through a system of care and 
breeding, assumed a changed type and became the source of the 
French Merino. 

Though a very few animals had been brought here previously, 
the shipment of Spanish Merinos to the United States really began 
in 1 80 1 -2, between which date and the year 181 2 large numbers, 
probably as many as twenty thousand, were landed and 'scattered 
chiefly through the New England and Atlantic States. Conspic- 
uous in these importations were David Humphreys, Minister to 
Spain; Chancellor Livingston, Minister to France, and Wm. Jarvis, 
Consul to Portugal. A large proportion of the Merino flocks of 
the United States, descendants of the importations from Spain, were 
subsequently interbred with the Saxon and French varieties, until 
many of the characteristics of these were engrafted upon American 
flocks. Through the exceptions to this rule, however, a sufficient 
number of flocks have been found tracing with reasonable proof of 
purity direct to their Spanish ancestry to warrant the claim that 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 427 

the present highest type of American Merino is the direct descend- 
ant, without admixture of other blood, of animals included in some 
of the several importations from Spain made prior to the year 181 2. 
Full-grown rams of this breed will weigh from 120 to 180 lbs., and 
the ewes some forty pounds lighter. The wool is fine and dense, 
and is characterized by heavy folds in the skin. The general 
appearance of sheep of this breed is clearly indicated by the typical 
illustration on page 439. 

The French Merinos have perhaps a larger carcass than the aver- 
age American, and the French breeders were the first to produce 
a Merino combing wool, from which have developed some of the 
most interesting and profitable branches of the wool manufacture; 
though they have subsequently found rivals among the breeders of 
fine-wool sheep in America, German) 7 , and Australia. 

The Saxon Merinos have been but sparingly introduced into this 
country, the course of breeding in Saxony (fineness of fleece hav- 
ing been the one absorbing object sought) having rendered them 
too tender for our methods of sheep husbandry. Among such as 
have been brought over, however, it may be said that the sheep, as 
well as the fleece, have been materially modified; the fiber, though 
fine, is lengthened and the weight greatly increased, while the car- 
cass is equally improved. This animal commends itself to breeders 
who aspire to the production of a superfine wool. 

COTSWOLDS. 

As early and as fast as the increase of population, and the con- 
sequent enhanced value of lands, required a larger return from their 
holdings, English farmers wisely sought, and were remarkably sue- 



428 THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 

cessful in securing, such precocity and symmetry in their meat- 
producing animals as would make animal husbandry possible under 
the changed condition of their agriculture; and the sheep was early 
seized upon as offering the readiest solution of the perplexing prob- 
lem. With a climate unsuited to the profitable production of fine 
wool, and facing a demand for a meat supply that would not be 
ignored, the mutton production that is so conspicuous a feature of 
the sheep husbandry of the United Kingdom is by no means the 
result of accident. The English long-wool sheep, symmetrical in 
outlines, and in every detail of carcass so well calculated to give a 
profitable return for what it consumes, has found admirers in every 
country where economical meat and wool production has been 
attempted. 

Among Americans the best known and most popular variety of 
long-wool sheep is the Cotswold. Its origin, like that of many 
other popular types of domestic animals, is enveloped in obscurity. 
The original Cotswold was a much coarser animal than its improved 
successor of the present day. It has been refined in its general 
anatomy, its carcass has been improved in outline and detail, its 
fleece has been greatly ameliorated, its precocity increased — in short, 
its development has kept pace with the rapid strides in other branches 
of live-stock development until the typical Cotswold has become an 
admirable specimen of physical development. A well-poised head, 
with its characteristic foretop, made to appear small by reason of 
the massiveness of the body when in full fleece; back broad and 
straight; body well rounded over a deep flank and full brisket- — - 
the whole draped by a fleece of spotless white, averaging eight to 
ten inches in length, and weighing from eight to sixteen pounds — 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 429 

furnish a tout ensemble well calculated to "fill the eye' 1 of the most 
fastidious connoisseur. 

Just the kind and number of " out-crosses " that have been resorted 
to by those who have brought the Cotswold to its present standard 
will never be known. The Leicester has been credited with con- 
tributing in no small degree to this end, and it is probably entitled 
to such honor. 

LEICESTERS. 

Though for more than a hundred years a popular sheep in 
England, the Leicester has not secured a high place in the estima- 
tion of American breeders. An animal of conspicuous merits, inten- 
sified by a century and a quarter of careful and intelligent breeding, 
it combines many excellencies that would seem to commend it to 
the farmer who seeks to bring to a higher mutton-producing standard 
his flock of native or low-grade animals. 

Youatt's description of the typical Leicester may be condensed 
as follows: "The head hornless; ears thin, long, and directed back- 
ward; neck full and broad at base, gradually tapering to the head; 
breast full and broad; shoulders broad and round; arm fleshy, even 
down to the knee; bones of the leg small, standing wide apart, and 
comparatively bare of wool ; quarters long and full ; thighs wide and 
full; pelt thin and covered with a good quality of white wool, not 
so long as in some breeds, but finer." 

This description applies to the improved Leicester, as distin- 
guished from the Leicester type before its amelioration under the 
manipulation of Robert Bakewell, of England, who began, about the 
middle of the last century, that series of efforts at improving the 
proclivities for cheaper mutton production of the sheep in his vicinity 



43° THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

which has resulted in transmitting to the present one of its highest 
types of meat-yielding animals. 

Mr. Bakewell was so reticent as to his system of improvement 
that little concerning it is positively known. Certainly he converted 
a coarse-boned, slab-sided, slow-maturing animal into one symmet- 
rical, precocious and capable of being profitably employed on lands 
devoted to the production of improved crops. That he did not 
scruple to go outside the original Leicesters for fresh blood is highly 
probable, and liberal feeding, even to forcing, was his invariable rule. 
A knowledge of its history, and the steps by which its improve- 
ment was secured, clearly indicate the Leicester as the sheep for 
close farming. It will not thrive under conditions that are well 
suited for the profitable employment of some other types of long- 
wool sheep. It requires extra nutritious food and shelter from 
extreme temperatures for the successful breeding of the Leicester, 
and to this fact is to be ascribed the lack of popularity of the breed 
with American farmers. 

LINCOLNS. 

This heaviest of the English sheep has found but few admirers 
in the United States, most of its desirable characteristics being 
presumably combined with those of the Cotswold and Leicester. 
The original type of the Lincoln, as it existed a century ago on the 
low, rich lands of the locality from which its name is derived, was 
that of a coarse, large sheep, presenting for the eyes of modern 
breeders few desirable features. The fleece was long and open, 
carrying more oil than some of its congeners. When highly fed it 
furnished good mutton, with less fat on the outside and more inter- 
nally than most of its rivals for popular favor. The coarse frames 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 431 

of the Lincolns, with their comparatively slow-maturing propensity, 
doubtless early suggested an employment of the better-outlined and 
more precocious Leicesters, then developing under the supervision 
of Robert Bakewell; and thus the "Bakewell" blood, as well as 
the stimulus of the success of Bakewell's labors, undoubtedly con- 
tributed to advance the standard of mutton production throughout 
England more generally than some breeders of the present will 
readily admit. Though long in-bred, and probably as purely as its 
rival varieties, it was not until within the past twenty years that 
the Lincoln has been recognized as a distinct variety by the manage- 
ment of stock shows. 

Quite remarkable yields of flesh and fleece have been secured, 
in this respect placing this sheep well up on the list of English 
favorites. Requiring for its successful employment the richest past- 
urage and "high feed" under all circumstances there has not been 
found the same encouragement for its distribution that has contrib- 
uted to popularize many other varieties. From 1835 to the present 
time occasional importations have been made into the United States, 
though the number of animals, in any instance, has never been large. 

OXFORDS. 

The Oxfords, recognized as a distinct variety for little more than 
twenty years, is less known in this country than either of its long- 
wool contemporaries of English flocks. It was originally produced 
by the cross of a Cotswold ram with Hampshire (and, it is said, 
occasionally Southdown) ewes and the subsequent coupling of the 
progeny from these. These animals, for some years classed as cross- 
bred sheep under the designation of Down-Cotswolds, were given a 



432 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

definite title by a meeting of breeders in 1857, and have since been 
known as Oxfordshire Downs. As an analysis of their breeding will 
disclose, and as indicated by the appearance of the animals, they are 
more properly classified with the long-wool than the Down breeds. 
In the Hampshire Down, the acknowledged foundation on the one 
side of the Oxford, there was unquestionably a predominance of long- 
wool blood. The Oxford has many characteristics commending it 
to the favor of American breeders. It has size of carcass and a 
prolificacy that insures lambs for an early market. It has a length 
of fleece that insures for the wool clip the attention of buyers who 
require long wool. The body is well rounded; legs short; and in 
its native locality evinces a hardiness and adaptation for profitable 
feeding unsurpassed by any of the English types. The weight of 
full-grown ewes is 80 to 100 lbs., and of rams, in working order, 
160 to 200 lbs. The mutton is of superior quality and commands 
a high price. 

SOUTHDOWNS. 

The middle-wool breed, in its several varieties, undoubtedly 
includes the most generally popular sheep. Bred and fed through 
many years with especial reference to improvement in quantity and 
flavor of flesh, the best types of middle-wool sheep stand today very 
near the ideal of a perfect meat-producing animal. To the flocks 
of "the Downs," in their varied types, the epicurean Englishman 
looks for the savory flesh that has already lessened the demand for 
his traditional roast beef. The black foot, invariably left when dress- 
ing the carcass, insures for the " quarter," for which it is the insig- 
nia of merit, a ready sale at a price "the top of the market." The 
middle-wool sheep are not heavy shearers; their wool is coarse, 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 433 

inclined to be dry, and though often of sufficient length to be easily 
combed, is not classed as combing wool. 

The Southdown stands confessedly at the head of the several 
varieties of middle-wool sheep. While some might question its pri- 
ority in the matter of individual merit, none will gainsay the claim 
that to the Southdown most other types of middle wools are indebted 
for their "best blood." On the chalk}- hills of Sussex and adjoining- 
shires through several centuries there has existed a variety of sheep 
taking its name from the locality — the sloping lands to the south — 
Southdowns. These animals have long been conspicuous for the qual- 
ity of their mutton, as well as their peculiar adaptability to thrive 
on a comparatively scanty herbage. The)' were probably horned in 
their earlier history, though this tendency has been overcome by 
breeding, and even the smallest horns on the male animal of today 
are not tolerated. 

The description of a typical Southdown, as given by Mr. Ellman, 

the most noted improver of the breed, may be condensed as follows: 

"Head small and hornless; face speckled or gray; space between 

the nose and the eyes narrow; ears tolerably wide and covered with 

wool, and the forehead also; and the whole space between the ears 

well protected by it; breast wide, deep, and projecting forward 

between the fore legs; ribs coming out horizontally from the spine 

and extending far backward, and the last rib projecting more than 

others; the ribs generally presenting a circular form like a barrel; 

the belly as straight as the back; legs neither long nor short; the 

fore legs straight from the breast to the foot, and standing far apart 

both before and behind; the bones line and of a speckled or dark 

color; the belly well defended with wool, and the wool coming down 
55 



434 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

before and behind to the knee and to the hock; the wool short, close, 
curled and fine, and free from spiry projecting fibers." 

The Southdowns are not conspicuous shearers. Their fleeces are 
dry, coarse, and light, in comparison with the weight of carcass; 
but the fiber is strong, and insures good service in the fabrics for 
which it is adapted. The prominent characteristics of the South- 
downs — vigor, precocity, fecundity, and propensity to develop well- 
marbled flesh at the most desirable points — especially commend 
them for crosses where mutton production is chiefly sought. 

HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. 

The breeders of Hampshire and Wiltshire in England, among 
whom had long been cultivated a large-sized, hardy sheep, white- 
faced and with horns, earl}' in the present century secured and used 
Southdown rams, and by subsequent in-breeding and occasional use 
of other blood succeeded in establishing a variety now recognized as 
Hampshire Downs, with the prominent Down characteristics — dark 
face and legs, hornless head — thoroughly fixed. Referring to the 
origin of these sheep Mr. Spooner, in 1859, said: 

"If we were asked, What original blood predominated in the 
Hampshire sheep? we would unquestionably say the Southdown; but 
if the further question were put: Is the present breed derived from 
the Southdown and the original Hampshire alone? we should express 
a doubt as to such a conclusion, as there is good reason to consider 
that some improved Cotswold blood has been infused. * * * 
Although after dipping once or twice into this breed they then ceased 
to do so, yet they have continued breeding from the descendants of 
the cross. 11 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 435 

As would be inferred from its foundation the Hampshire is larger 
than the Southdown and bears a fleeee — though classed as a middle 
wool — -exceeding the latter in length, but not so fine. The mutton 
is good. The breed has not been largely imported into the United 
States, though possessing mam* characteristics that seem to commend 
it to breeders so ready to see an advantage in every type of animal 
promising flock advancement. The probable reason is to be found 
in the fact of its close resemblance to the Southdown (which it excels 
only in size), which has been found to so admirably fill the require- 
ments of American flock managers in producing a first-class mutton 
sheep. 

SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. 

Though but recentlv recognized as a distinct variety, none of 
the English types have advanced more rapidly into public notice 
and favor than the Shropshires. Their size, rotundity and general 
carriage commend them to the notice of the casual observer, while 
they " rill the eye " of the critical judge and experienced breeder so 
completelv as to make themselves favorites wherever they may be 
shown. 

The history of the Shropshires, when traced back toward their 
origin, becomes enveloped in a maze of uncertainty. While all 
authorities agree that the foundation was a so-called native sheep of 
Shropshire, and perhaps Staffordshire, described as black or brown, 
or spotted-faced — and conspicuous for the flavor of their mutton — 
there is not the same agreement as to the crosses and lines of breed- 
ing resorted to. It seems certain, however, that the Southdown and 
Leicester were both heavily drawn upon, and the merits thus secured 
afterward intensified by interbreeding from selected animals. The 



436 THE BREEDS OE LIVE STOCK. 

Shropshire of today retains the black face and legs of its ancestors, 
as also the well-flavored mutton, while in respect to size, maturity 
and fleece bearing it has been as thoroughly modernized as any of 
the meat-producing animals of the present century. 

THE CHEVIOT. 

This popular sheep, taking name from the hills bordering on Scot- 
land and England, are described by Spooner as a hardy race, thriv- 
ing well on poor keep. They have white faces without horns; ears 
large, with much space between the ears and eyes; carcass long, back 
straight, shoulders rather light, ribs circular, and quarters good; legs 
small in the bone and covered with wool. As will be inferred from 
this description the Cheviot is admirably adapted to the mountainous 
region from which it derives its name. There is no doubt that the 
Cheviot of today has been considerably modified by crossing with the 
more improved types, notably the Lincoln and Leicester, to which it 
is indebted for the white face now so prevalent, as the earlier descrip- 
tions give the prevailing color of the face as black. The wool of 
the Cheviot is always in demand, being especially adapted to certain 
manufactures, notably the line of goods bearing its name. The fleeces 
average in weight four to six pounds. 

RECORDS, REGISTERS, AND HERD BOOKS. 

The following is a list of the various records published for the 
different breeds of sheep in the United States, with the name and 
address of the officer in control of each. In addition to these the 
reader is referred to Stewart's u Shepherd's Manual," Randall's "Prac- 
tical Shepherd," and a series of articles on "The Breeds of Sheep," 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 437 

by A. M. Garland, published in Vols. I, II and III of the Breeders 
Gazette for information, more in detail, touching the various breeds: 

Cots%volds. — American Cotswold Record, George Harding, Wau- 
kesha, Wis. 

Shropshires. — American Shropshire Record, Mortimer Levering, 
La Fayette, Ind. 

Southdoivns. — American Southdown Record, S. E. Prather, Spring- 
field, 111. 

Oxford Doivns. — American Oxford Down Record, T. W. W. 
Sunman, Spades, Ind. 

Merinos.- — United States Merino Sheep Register, S. C. Gist, 
Wellsburg, W. Va. Register of the Vermont Merino Sheep-Breeders' 
Association, Albert Chapman, Middlebury, Vt. Register of the New 
York State American Merino Sheep-Breeders' Association, John P. 
Ray, Hemlock Lake, N. Y. Michigan Merino Sheep Register, W. 
J. G. Dean, Hanover, Mich. Ohio Spanish Merino Sheep Register, 
J. G. Blue, Cardington, O. Wisconsin Merino Sheep Register, H. J. 
Wilkinson, Whitewater, Wis. Missouri Merino Sheep Association 
Register, H. V. Pugsley, Plattsburg, Mo. American Merino Sheep 
Register, Asa H. Craig, Caldwell, Wis. National Improved Saxony 
Sheep-Breeders' Association Register, J. H. Clark, Toledo, Pa. De- 
laine Merino Register, J. C. McNary, Houstonville, Pa. Vermont 
Atwood Club Register, George Hammond, Middlebury, Vt. 



GROUP OF MERINO SHEEP. 

The engraving facing this page, showing a ram and two ewes, 
is a thoroughly typical illustration of the American Merino. The 
sketch was made from life by Burk, from the flock of C. M. Clark, 
of Whitewater, Wis. The ram shown in the picture was three years 
old at the time the sketch was made and was awarded first prize 
at the annual Wisconsin shearing of 1883, his first clip having weighed 
10 lbs. 8 oz.; second, 20 lbs. 8 oz.; and third, 30 lbs. 3 oz. The 
ewe in center of group is a two-year-old, full sister to the ram; first 
fleece, 14 lbs. 8 oz.; second fleece, 19 lbs. 7 oz. The ewe on the 
right has sheared in five consecutive years as follows: 17 lbs. 3 oz., 
18 lbs. 4 oz., 17 lbs. 8 oz., 16 lbs. 12 oz., and 18 lbs. 



(438) 



COTSWOLD, LEICESTER, AND LINCOLN SHEEP. 

The engraving presented herewith is intended to show a typieal 
animal of eaeh of the three breeds above named; the one on the 
left with the long foretop is a Cotswold, on the right background a 
Lincoln, and in the foreground a Leicester. In general appearance 
these three breeds are quite similar. The Lincoln is the largest of 
the long-wool breeds, the head is free from wool, the bones are 
large, the fleece is long and lustrous and at full length usually part- 
ing along the back. The Cotswold fleece is denser than either of 
the others and is shorter than that of the Lincoln, although cover- 
ing the body more completely, and the long tuft of wool on the 
foretop is one of its marked peculiarities. The Leicester fleece is 
similar to that of the Cotswold but not so dense, and is from seven 
to nine inches in length. It has a tuft of wool on the forehead, 
but not so long as that on the Cotswold. The face is sometimes 
slightly colored. For fuller particulars as to the characteristics of 
:and differences between these breeds see pages 427 to 431. 



(44") 



GROUP OF OXFORD SHEEP. 

A very full description of this breed may be found on page 431 
of this volume. The sketch on the opposite page was made from 
life by Burk and is a faithful portrayal of representative animals of 
the breed. 



(442) 



SOUTHDOWN RAM AND EWE LAMBS. 

The illustration on the opposite page represents specimens from 
one of the leading flocks of Southdowns in the country — that of 
the Hon. D. W. Smith, of Bates, 111. The trio consists of the ram 
imp. Baron Thetford (21 American Southdown Record), bred by 
Lord Walsingham, Merton, Thetford, England, and imported in 1880. 
He was sweepstakes winner at the St. Louis and Philadelphia Fairs 
of that year, and was bought for use in Mr. Smith's flock in the 
autumn following, and has not been shown since. The two ewe 
lambs shown are Penelope 4th 27 and Belle of Boskymead 23; both 
tracing through Pickrell and Wentworth rams to importation of 1857, 
from the flocks of Jonas Webb, England. See page 432 for particu- 
lars touching this breed. 



(444) 



:;;; / ,v '' ;: |pr% ; ;g:p 




GROUP OF HAMPSHIRE DOWNS. 

As will be seen by reference to the descriptive matter on pages 
434 and 435, and a comparison of the illustration on the page fac- 
ing this with the preceding one, the Hampshire Down and South- 
down breeds are quite similar in many respects. Our illustration 
of Hampshire Downs was sketched from life by Burk from the 
flock of C. S. Dole, of Crystal Lake, 111., who holds the Hampshire 
breed in very high esteem. 



(446) 



GROUP OF SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. 

The Shropshire Down breed is fully described on page 435 of 
this volume. The illustration given herewith was sketched from life 
by John W. Hills from the large flock of this breed owned by his 
father, C. Hills, Esq., of Delaware, O. 



(448) 



CHAPTER XX. 



THE BREEDS OF SWINE. 

The breeds of swine known in this country have with rare ex- 
ceptions come to us from Great Britain or have been formed by 
American breeders from the intermingling of the British breeds, 
modified in a very few instances by a direct cross with the Chinese 
and Neapolitan strains. But while these latter-named varieties have 
unquestionably exercised some influence upon the types of swine as 
they have come to us from our English cousins, yet they have in 
no case been retained as distinctive breeds by practical farmers in 
the great pork-producing regions of the United States, as has been 
the case with most of the British breeds imported to this country, 
especially the 

BERKSHIRES. 

Undoubtedly the most universally popular and widely dissemi- 
nated among all the breeds of swine is the Berkshire, a breed that 
takes its name — as so many others of our improved breeds of live 
stock have done — from the county in England where it originated; 
and like all others of our now popular breeds it has been greatly 
modified and improved since our earliest knowledge of its history. 
Originally they were described as a large, coarse breed, covered with 



452 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

sandy or reddish-brown hair spotted with black, and Prof. Low, in 
his "Domesticated Animals of Great Britain," gives among his 
colored plates a typical Berkshire of that day (about 1840) showing 
the color as above described. Tradition gives, as the principal 
element which laid the foundation for the symmetrical, finely-formed 
Berkshires of today, a cross with the Siamese and China swine 
with the original Berkshire, by means of which cross and subse- 
quent selections the breed has been refined and the color changed 
to the characteristic black, with pure white markings, as shown in 
our illustrations on pages 465 and 467. 

The breed has been widely disseminated throughout the United 
States, and in the great corn and pork-producing regions fairly 
divides the honors with that purely American breed the Poland- 
China. The characteristics and markings of Berkshires, as agreed 
upon by the National Swine-Breeders' Convention, are as follows: 
"Color black, with white on face, tip of tail and an occasional splash 
of white on the arm. While a small spot of white on some other 
part of the body does not argue an impurity of blood, it is to be 
discouraged. White upon one ear, or a bronze spot upon some part 
of the body, argues no impurity, but rather a reappearance of orig- 
inal colors. Markings of white other than those named are objec- 
tionable. Face short, fine and well dished, broad between the eyes; 
ears generally almost erect, but sometimes inclining forward with 
advancing age, small, thin, soft, and showing veins; jowl full; neck 
short and thick; back broad and straight, or a very little arched; 
ribs long and well sprung; hams thick, round and deep, holding 
their thickness well back and down to hocks; tail fine and small, 
set on high up; legs short and fine, but straight and very strong, 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 453 

with hoofs erect, legs set wide apart; size medium; length medium; 
bone fine and compact; hair fine and compact." 

POLAND-CHINAS. 

This widely popular breed of swine is essentially an American 
creation, having for its starting point the fertile Miami Valley in 
the State of Ohio. The swine of that region in the early settle- 
ment of the county were of various types, but were all large, coarse- 
boned, and slow in coming to maturity, and were variously desig- 
nated as Russians, Bedfords, and Byrlelds. In 1816 John Wallace 
brought from Philadelphia to Miami County a boar and three sows 
called "Big Chinas," that were said to have been imported from 
China or bred from imported stock. Two of the sows and the boar 
were entirely white and the other sow was white with some sandy 
spots within which appeared smaller black spots. The character- 
istics of these swine that specialty commended them were compact 
forms, early maturity, and the remarkable ease with which they 
were made fat. These were so highly appreciated that they and 
their progeny were crossed on the best stock of that region during 
the subsequent twenty years, the product becoming known as the 
Warren County hogs. About 1836 the Berkshires, that had been 
well known in New York for some years, were introduced into War- 
ren County by Munson Beach. Between 1838 and 1840 William 
Neff, of Cincinnati, sent into the same locality from England some 
swine called "Irish Graziers," which were white with the exception 
of an occasional sandy spot about the eyes. These two breeds were 
crossed extensively with the descendants and crosses of the "Big 
Chinas " on other breeds, and the stock thus produced constituted the 



454 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

basis of what is now known as the Poland-China. From the most 
authentic accounts obtainable it appears there has been no admix- 
ture of other blood with this breed since about 1840, and from that 
time to the present men with great experience and good judgment 
have bred them with a view to correcting defective points and giv- 
ing them the very highest quality. There has been much discussion 
as to an alleged Poland or Polish cross in the formation of this 
breed, but it is now generally conceded that no such blood was ever 
introduced. 

In the great pork-producing regions of the Western States the 
Poland-China alone contests the palm for supremacy with the Berk- 
shire, and between these two breeds the honors are about equally 
divided. They have been very greatly improved within the recol- 
lection of the the writer hereof. Formerly they were of larger size 
and coarser-boned; the ears were much larger; they were slower in 
coming to maturity, and the white and black spots were more com- 
mon than now, the two colors being in most cases very nearly equally 
blended. As now bred they are very similar in color to the Berk- 
shires, but with rather more of white and the white markings not 
so regular in character. They are well haired, have good length, 
with short legs; broad, straight backs; deep sides, flanked well down 
on the leg; broad, square hams and shoulders; deep chests; short, 
full, high-crested neck; heavy quarters; short heads; tine muzzles and 
moderately fine and drooping ears. Although they have been greatly 
improved in the matter of fineness of bone, early maturity, and 
tendency to fatten at an early age, yet they still retain enough of 
their original character to entitle them to rank among the very 
largest known breeds of swine. Their popularity is not confined to 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 455 

the United States, as the}' have been exported in considerable num- 
bers to various foreign countries, where they appear to have given 
good satisfaction. 

JERSEY REDS OR DUROCS. 

This is a breed (at least it has come to be generally recognized 
as a breed in this country) concerning the origin of which but little 
is really known. It is claimed by many that it is derived from the 
original Berkshire, which half a century or more ago was frequently 
colored very much like our Jersey Reds — red or "sandy" with 
black spots — and Prof. Low's typical Berkshire, in his book on the 
"Domesticated Animals of Great Britain, 1 ' is in almost every respect, 
color as well as form, a very fair picture of our modern Jersey 
Reds or Durocs. They have long been extensively bred in Salem, 
Binghamton, and the adjoining counties of New Jersey, where they 
have been called Jersey Reds. In other sections they have been vari- 
ously known as Durocs, Saratoga Reds, and Red Berkshires. The 
Hon. Cassius M. Clay, of Kentucky, thinks they are of Spanish 
origin, and says: "When in Mexico I saw the 'Spanish' red hogs 
everywhere, and was much pleased with them. James B. Clay, 
Esq., son of Henry Clay, when Minister resident in Portugal (about 
1848) imported some, calling them Spanish hogs, and gave me a 
pair. I distributed the progeny far and wide. The Spanish hogs 
had no doubt spread into the neighboring kingdom of Portugal and 
were carried into Mexico by the conquerors. The Berkshire Reds 
and Jersey Reds are no doubt the same, and the name ought to be 
'Spanish' if they are so, but there may be other reds." In color 
they vary from a pale yellowish to a darker, brighter shade of red, 



456 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

with irregular markings or spots of black; the ear is rather large 
and pendulous; snout of moderate length; head short; body long; 
legs long; hair thick and coarse; tail large, and bone rather coarse. 
It is claimed that they are much hardier than the more refined or 
finer-boned breeds. The compound Jersey-Duroc has been agreed 
upon as a common designation for the breed. 

YORKSHIRES. 

It is unquestionably true that throughout Europe the white breeds 
of swine are more popular than any other. In England they are 
classed simply as Large White, Middle White, and Small White 
breeds, without the distinctive appellations that are applied to the same 
swine when brought to this country. The original of all these vari- 
eties of white swine is believed to be the large, coarse white breed 
of Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, and the adjacent counties, which 
has been modified and broken up by selection and by the introduc- 
tion of Chinese crosses until we have the Large York, the Middle 
York, the Cheshire, and what is known in this country as the Suf- 
folk, all from substantially the same origin. The Large White breed, 
as now bred in England and extensively on the continent, is character- 
ized by immense size — certainly one of the largest of breeds, if not 
the very largest — and it is believed that it is from this source that 
our own Chester AVhites have obtained their great size. The best 
specimens of this breed, even when of immense size, are not the 
coarse animals one would expect to see; on the contrary the bone is 
no heavier than would appear to be essential to carrying such great 
weight, and the general appearance is rather fine than otherwise. 
The ears are of good size, pointing forward, but not drooping; the 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 457 

snout is decidedly curved upward or "dished," and is not particularly 
fine; the skin is of a pinkish color, with an occasional bluish spot, 
but the hair is always white and moderately thick. The Middle 
White breed is well represented by our so-called Suffolks and 
Cheshires, and the Small White breed by our Small Yorkshires. 

The Small Yorkshires are the smallest and finest of our white 
breeds, and are remarkable for their short heads; short, "dished 1 ' 
faces or snouts; short, thick jowls; long, heavy, deep bodies; short 
legs and remarkably fine bone. No breed matures earlier, is more 
docile, or fattens more quickly than the Small Yorkshire. The 
hair is always white, and rather thin; the skin a beautiful pink with 
the same tendency to an occasional bluish spot as is noticed in the 
other varieties of the Yorkshire. See illustration on page 475. 

SUFFOLKS. 

The so-called Suffolk of this country is a small white breed that 
originated in England, and is unquestionably only a variety of the 
Yorkshire, which has long been the leading white breed of swine 
in Great Britain. They are undoubtedly identical with what has 
frequently been called, in that country, the Middle-Yorkshire or 
York-Cumberland ; in fact the varieties of swine which are or have 
been known in England as the Middlesex, the Coleshill, and the 
Prince Alberts or Windsors, as well as the Suffolks, are all clearly 
from the same stock. The Suffolks, as bred at Windsor Castle by 
the late Prince Albert, were great favorites in that country for 
many years, and were sometimes spoken of simply as the Windsor 
breed. They were first brought into prominent notice in this coun- 
try by the importations of Messrs. Isaac and Josiah Stickney, of 
58 



458 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

Massachusetts; and although they are still bred to some extent in 
many portions of the United States, and are prized on account of 
their delicacy and early-fattening qualities, yet they have shared the 
unpopularity that attaches to all the white-haired breeds in the great 
pork-producing regions. 

The characteristic markings of the Suffolk are as follows: Head 
small and very short; cheeks prominent; face dished; snout small 
and very short; ears short, thin, and upright; neck very short and 
thick, the head appearing almost as if set on front of shoulders; 
ribs well arched out from back; good length between shoulders and 
hams; flank well filled out and coming well down at ham; back 
broad, level, and straight from crest to tail; hams wide and full; 
legs small and very short, standing wide apart; bone fine; skin 
thin, of a pinkish shade; hair fine and silky; color of hair white, 
free from any spots or other color; size small to medium. 

It may be well to mention that none of the white breeds are 
now known as Suffolks in England, the English Suffolk pig being 
uniformly black and very like the Essex. 

CHESHIRES. 

This is clearly another derivation from the famous old White 
Yorkshire of England. They have been extensively bred in Jeffer- 
son Co., N. Y., and from thence disseminated into various States, 
but in the hands of American breeders have not attained any great 
degree of uniformity. Many of them are of immense size, while 
others from the same stock are as small as the Suffolk, and much 
like the latter. They are usually very long in the body, with small 
but rather long heads; thin hair, pinkish skin; sometimes with blu- 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 459 

ish spots in the skin, but hair always white; rather long legs, but 
bone always fine in proportion to weight of body. 

CHESTER WHITES. 

Mr. F. D. Coburn, in a series of articles on " The Breeds of 
Swine" published in Vol. I of the Breeders Gazette, says: "The 
improvement of the common stock of Eastern Pennsylvania, especi- 
ally in Chester County, which gave to the country the breed of 
swine known to all Americans as Chester Whites, or Chester 
County Whites, was begun nearly sixty-five years ago. A most 
prominent incentive to its beginning was the bringing to his farm, 
near West Chester, in 1818, by James Jeffries (who was a. sea cap- 
tain), of a pair of superior white pigs from Bedfordshire, Eng. The 
better class of farmers in the vicinity desiring something superior in 
the way of swine to what they were then raising, secured crosses of 
the Jeffries stock on their own. The former seems to have increased 
and multiplied to some extent, and the progeny continued to be 
bred on and with the original stock of the county until, in the 
course of years, its swine had much more than a local reputation 
for both size and quality, and wherever mentioned were spoken of 
as the Chester County stock. In Pennsylvania, where best known, 
they have always been held in the highest esteem, notwithstanding 
the fact that various other breeds have from time to time been 
introduced there, notably the Berkshires, some forty years since; 
and later, the Suffolks, which, in turn, were followed by the Essex; 
but none of them became favorites to the extent of seriously dis- 
placing the home breed. In form, size, and general characteristics, 
except color, they are very similar to the Poland-Chinas; but for 



460 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

some cause they have not retained the popularity of a dozen years 
ago among the pork -producers of the corn-growing States, where 
the dark-haired hogs are generally preferred. They are among the 
largest breeds known; individuals having attained the enormous 
weight of 1,300 lbs. The following is a description of their char- 
acteristics: Head short, and broad between the eyes; ears thin, 
projecting forward and drooping at the point; neck short and thick; 
jowl large; body long and deep, broad on the back; hams full and 
deep; legs short and well set under; hair thin, white, and if a little 
wavy not objectionable.'" 

ESSEX. 

The Essex is one of the English breeds. Youatt describes them 
as a "parti-colored animal; black, with white shoulders, nose, and legs 
— in fact, a sort of sheeted pig; large, upright, and coarse in bone." 

The first determined effort at improvement in the breed is cred- 
ited to Lord Western, who introduced Neapolitan swine that were 
said to have possessed " very peculiar and valuable qualities, the 
flavor of the meat being excellent, and the disposition to fatten on 
the smallest quantity of food unrivaled." This pair and their off- 
spring were bred together to such an extent that there was danger 
of their becoming extinct, when they were crossed on the Essex 
on Lord Western's estate with the effect of obliterating the white 
and producing a progeny with the appearance and many character- 
istics of the pure Neapolitans. This crossing and the subsequent 
selection and breeding which formed the type of the modern Essex 
was mainly the work of Fisher Hobbs, who was a tenant on the 
Western estate, and as bred by him they have been regarded as a 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 461 

fixed breed in England since 1840. They are classed with the small 
breeds, but frequently attain weights that would entitle them to be 
considered among the larger ones, often weighing 400 to 600 lbs. 
at maturity, though usually most profitable when slaughtered young 
for breakfast-bacon or family use, for which they are highly esteemed. 

The standard agreed upon is as follows: Color black, without 
any white whatever; face short and dishing; ears small, soft, and 
standing erect while young, but drooping slightly with increasing age; 
carcass long, broad, straight, and deep; ham heavy and well let 
down; bone fine; hair ordinarily rather thin; fattening qualities very 
superior. 

The breed has not become generally popular in the United States, 
but has been highly esteemed as a cross with the coarser-boned and 
more slowly-maturing varieties. 

NEAPOLITANS. 

It is believed that this breed was first introduced into this coun- 
try about the year 1840 by Mr. James G. King, who made an im- 
portation from Naples to Hudson County, N. J.; and ten years 
later by Mr. Chamberlain, of Dutchess Count)', N. Y., who made 
an importation from Sorrento. About the same time, or perhaps 
about 1848, quite a number of swine of this breed were taken 
into Union County, O., by Samuel Long, where the writer hereof 
often saw them. They may be described as follows: Head small 
but rather long; forehead bony and flat; face slightly dishing; snout 
rather long and very slender; ears small, thin, standing forward 
nearly horizontally, and quite lively; jowls very full; neck short, broad 
and heavy above; trunk long and round; back flat, and ribs arching, 



462 THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 

even in low flesh; belly horizontal on the lower line; hind quarters 
decidedly higher and heavier than the fore; legs very tine, the 
bones and joints being smaller than those of any other breed; tail 
fine, curled and fringed with hair on each side; general color slaty 
or bluish plum color, with a cast of coppery red; skin soft and fine, 
nearly free from hair, which when found upon the sides of the head 
and behind the fore legs is a reddish black, soft and rather long. 

CHINESE SWINE. 

The swine frequently spoken of among breeders in this country 
and Great Britain as the Siamese breed is also often alluded to 
as the Chinese. In fact, although there are several breeds of swine 
in the eastern part of Asia, especially in the kingdom of Siam and 
the Chinese Empire, yet there is a great similarity among them, 
and those that have been imported to the United States and Great 
Britain — sometimes called Chinese and again Siamese swine — have 
been substantially of the same breed. They are distinguished by 
their small size, round bodies, somewhat hollow in the back, with 
the belly trailing near the ground in consequence of the extreme 
shortness of their legs. They vary in color from pure black to pure 
white, with various mixtures of the two colors. The ears are short, 
small and erect; the bone is fine, legs very short, body long, and they 
fatten rapidly on a very small quantity of food, maturing at a very 
early age. They are less hardy and prolific than the English breeds, 
and have been valuable to us only as a cross for the coarser types. 
In fact it is doubtless true that the great improvement that has 
been made in the swine of Great Britain during- the past hundred 
years has been more largely due to the introduction of this Asiatic 



THE BREEDS OF LIVE STOCK. 463 

blood than to any other one cause. Certainly, in the matter of 
early maturity and fineness of bone, this Asiatic cross has exerted 
a most powerful influence upon all the English breeds. 

RFXORDS AND HERD BOOKS. 

Coburn's '" Swine Husbandry," " Harris on the Pig," and Long's 
" Book of the Pig " may be profitably consulted for more specific 
and detailed information touching the breeds of swine. The follow- 
ing is a list of the records for the various breeds that are published, 
with the name and address of the party in control of each: 

Berkshire?. — American Berkshire Record, Phil M. Springer, 
Springfield, 111. 

Pol and- Chinas. — American Poland-China Record, John Gilmore, 
Vinton, la. Central Poland-China Record, W. H. Morris, Indian- 
apolis, Ind. Ohio Poland-China Record, Carl Freigau, Dayton, O. 

Yorkshires. — American Yorkshire Record, George W. Harris, Sta- 
tion R, New York city. 

Chester Whites. — National Chester White Record, E. R. Moody, 
Eminence, Ky. 

Duroc-yerseys. — Duroc-Jersey Swine Register, C. H. Holmes, 
Grinnell, la. 



GROUP OF BERKSHIRE SWINE. 

The illustration on the opposite page shows a boar and two 
sows of the Berkshire breed, sketched from life by Burk from the 
herd of George W. Penny, a well-known swine-breeder of Newark, 
O. The boar is Royal Gloster 10195, of the American Berkshire 
Record, by King Biot 401 1, out of Chloe 9434. The sow in the 
background is Juliette 10193 by Exor 3891, out of Lady Kingscote 
3d 1 0192; and the other sow is Queen Mab 10194 by Exor 3891, 
out of Lady Kingscote 2d 8034. They were all bred by the execu- 
tor of the estate of Arthur Stewart, of England, and were imported 
by their present owner, as above mentioned. In form and marking 
they may be fairly considered thorougly typical Berkshires. See 
page 451 for description and history of the breed. 



(464) 



BERKSHIRE BOAR AND SOW. 

The engraving facing herewith is a masterly reproduction of the 
Berkshire boar Sovereign Duke 3819, and a fairly good picture of 
the sow Manhattan Pride 3d 8586, owned by A. W. Rollins, an 
extensive and well-known breeder of Manhattan, Kan.; and the 
engraving was so highly thought of among Berkshire breeders that 
it was used as the frontispiece to Vol. VI of the American Berk- 
shire Record. The boar was bred by N. H. Gentry, of Sedalia, 
Mo.; got by his famous stock boar Sovereign 2d 1757, out of Rival 
Duchess 6706. The sow was bred by Mr. Rollins, as above, and 
was by his boar The Prophet 2663, out of Manhattan Pride 6940. 
Both have been greatly distinguished as prize-winners at leading 
Western fairs. See page 451 for history and description of the 
breed. 



(466) 



GROUP OF POLAND-CHINA SWINE. 

The peculiar characteristics of the Poland-China breed of swine 
are faithfully portrayed in the engraving shown herewith. The 
group consists of the boar Joe Richland 2163, the sow Helen's 
Beauty 10652 (in front), and Fannie Harkrader 3d 10352, sketched 
by Burk after an original drawing by Freigau from the well-known 
herd of Messrs. H. M. & W. P. Sisson, Galesburg, 111., to whose good 
judgment and rare sl£ill in breeding a great measure of the improve- 
ment that has been wrought in this popular breed during the past 
thirty years is due. Their Beauty family has been especially famed 
for the success of its representatives in the show ring for the past 
twenty years. See page 453 for a full description of the breed and 
history of its origin. 



(468) 



GROUP OF YOUNG POLAND-CHINA SWINE. 

To those who have been frequenters of the leading fairs and 
stock shows of the great pork-producing States during the last 
twenty years there has been no more familiar sight in connection 
with the swine exhibits than the collection of Poland-China swine 
shown by A. C. Moore, of Canton, 111. While not one of the very 
earliest among the improvers of this breed, yet Mr. Moore's expe- 
rience dates far back toward its beginning, and it is doubtful if any 
man now living has been more thoroughly identified with the inter- 
ests of this breed from its earlier stages, or has done equally as 
much to make its merits known to the public. Our engraving shows 
a boar and two sows at about six months old, sketched by Burk, 
from the herd of A. C. Moore & Son, at the Illinois State Fair, 
in Peoria, September, 1882. For particulars concerning this breed 
see page 453. 



(470) 



ESSEX BOAR AND SOW. 

This engraving, sketched by Burk from the herd of W. J. Neely, 
Ottawa, 111., who has maintained for many years a herd of purely- 
bred Essex swine, is a good illustration of typical animals of the 
breed. For description and history see page 460. 



(472) 



SUFFOLK, CHESTER WHITE, AND SMALL YORKSHIRE 

SWINE. 

The white breeds are very fairly typified in the engraving on the 
opposite page. In the center are shown a pair of Chester Whites, 
the largest of our white breeds; on the left is a pair of Suffolks, 
which in everything except color might well pass for typical Berk- 
shires; and on the right are a pair of Small Yorkshires. The char- 
acteristics of these several breeds are described on pages 456, 457 
and 459 of this volume. 



(-174) 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 

Aberdeen-Angus cattle 295, 325 

Accidental variations 23 

Transmissible 20 

Adaptation to changed conditions 15 

To locality 1 ° 

Alderney cattle 3^5 

Altitude, effect of 22 

Atavism H> 2 9 

Ayrshire cattle 4 J 3> 4'9 

Bake well as a breeder 11 

Berkshire swine 45 l > 4°5> 4°7 

Boulonnais horses J 94 

Breed, definition of 3 2 > 33 

Breeding for sex 7 2 

General principles of 9 

In and in 37 

Contradictions of explained 44 

Darwin on 4 2 

Effect of on hardiness 47 

Galton on 39 

Herbert Spencer's views on 41, 45 

How far may be practiced 49 

Tendency of 37> 3^ 

When not dangerous 45' 4° 

Breeds formed by selection 33, 34 

How formed 3 2 > 33 

Modified by locality 16 

Modified by temperature 17 

Breeds of Cattle 203, 424 

Aberdeen- Angus 291 

Alderneys 385 

Ayr^hires 4!3 

Devons 333 

Galloways 3 2 5 

Guernseys 3^5 

Herefords 249 

Holstein-Friesians 353 

jerseys 3^5 

Kerry 421 

Red Polled 345 

Short-horns 203 

Sussex 335 

Swiss 4 22 

Texans 4 22 

West Highlanders 4 21 

Breeds of Horses 77> J 99 

Boulonnais 19° 

Cleveland Bays 1 1 7 

Clydesdales 15 1 

English Shire 133 

French Coach 117 

Orloffs 9 6 



PAGE 

Percherons x 73 

Thoroughbreds 77 

Trotters 9 1 

Mustangs J 97 

Ponies J 9 6 

Suffolk Punch 195 

Breeds of Sheep 4 2 5» 45° 

Cheviots 43 6 

Cotswolds 4 2 7 

Hampshire Downs 434 

Leicesters 4 2 9 

Lincolns 43° 

Merinos 4 2 5 

Oxfords 43 1 

Shropshire Downs 435 

Southdowns 43 2 

Records and Registers of 43° 

Breeds of Swine 45 1 - 474 

Berkshires 45 J 

Chester Whites 459 

Cheshires 458 

Chinese 462 

Durocs 455 

Essex 460 

Jersey Reds 455 

Neapolitans 4°I 

Poland-Chinas 453 

Siamese 4° 2 

Suffolks 457 

Yorkshires 45 6 

Records and Registers of 4°3 

Canadian horses 1 8 

Cattle, the breeds of 203, 424 

Changed conditions, adaptation to 15 

Effect of 11. I5» 22 

Change of climate, effect of II, 18 

On the generative organs 7 1 

Cheshire swine 458 

Chester White swine 459, 475 

Clay family of trotters 9 2 

Cleopatra, in-breeding illustrated by 35 

Chinese swine 4 02 

Climate, effect of on the generative organs. . 71 

Influence of n. I7> J 8 

Cleveland Bay horses 117, I2 7 

Clydesdale horses 151 

Coach horses I J 7, 1 2 ° 

Color influenced by imagination 68 

Markings from fright 69 

Controlling the sex 7 2 

Cotswold sheep 4 2 7, 441 

Cross fertilization 2 4 



478 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Crosses, top most important 50 

Violent, effect of 40 

Crossing and in- breeding 37 

Dam and sire, relative size of 52 

Darwin on in-breeding 42 

On reversion 15 

Definition of terms 31, 33*, 36 

Development affected by food and climate. . 12 

Devon cattle 333 

Duroc swine 455 

Dwarf breeds produced by climate 12 

English Shire horses 133 

Essex swine 460, 472 

Evolution, effect of on heredity 27 

Family, value of 10 

Fertility affected by in-breeding 39, 43 

Affected by violent crosses 39, 43 

First impregnation, influence of 55, 58 

Prof. Law on 55 

Formation of breeds 31 

French coach horses , 120 

Galloway cattle 325 

Galton on in-breeding 39 

General principles of breeding 9 

Generative organs, effect of change of climate 

upon 71 

Good pedigree, what is a 51 

Guernsey cattle 385 

Hambletonian family of trotters 92 

Hampshire Down sheep 444> 447 

Hereford cattle 249 

Hereditary influence, extent of 27 

How far may be depended on 30 

Hereditary qualities, transmission of 9 

Highland cattle 421 

Holslein Friesian cattle 353 

Horses, the breeds of 77, 199 

Humidity, effect of 18 

Imagination, effect of on color 68 

Impregnation, influence of first 55 

In-breeding 37, 47 

Individual quality, transmission of 30 

Inheritance in the human family 10 

Influence of first impregnation 55 

Jersey cattle 385 

Jersey Red swine 455 

Kerry cattle 421 

Leicester sheep 429, 441 

Lincoln sheep 430, 441 

Mambrino family of trotters 492 

Markings from imagination 58 



PAGE 

Merino sheep 425, 439 

Morgan horses 93 

Mustangs 195 

Neapolitan swine 461 

Orloff horses 96 

Oxford sheep 43 1 , 443 

Pedigree in the human family 10 

Tests of 51 

Value of 50 

Percheron horses 173 

Pilot family of trotters 94 

Poland-China swine 453, 469, 471 

Ponies 1 94 

Principles of breeding 9 

Red Polled cattle 345 

Relative size of sire and dam 52 

Reversion to original type 13 

Russian trotters 96 

Sheep, breeds of 425, 449 

Records and registers of 436 

Siamese swine 462 

Southdown sheep 432, 445 

Shropshire Down sheep 435, 449 

Sussex cattle 335 

Swine, breeds of 451, 473, 475 

Records and herd books ... 463 

Swiss cattle 422 

Sex, controlling the 52 

Shetland ponies 196 

Shire horses 133 

Short-horn cattle 203 

Size of sire and dam, relative 52 

Sports 23 

Suffolk swine 457, 465 

Suffolk Punch horses 195 

Temperature, effect of I, 8 

Thoroughbred horses 77 

Transmission of accidental qualities 25 

Individual character 30 

Trotting horses 91 

Texan cattle 422 

Uniformity of type . .' 11 

Transmitted . 28 

Variations, accidental 23 

Transmissible 26 

From uniformity, cause of II 

Violent crosses, effect of 40 

West Highland cattle 421 

Yorkshire swine 456, 475 



INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. 



HORSES. 

Cleveland Bays : page 

Competitor 125 

Dalesman 2d 127 

Royalty 129 

Clydesdales : 

Bide a Wee 159 

Darling's Prince 161 

Darling 1 2th 165 

Leoline 167 

Music 157 

Prince George of Wales 157 

Princess 1 69 

Turn o' Luck 163 

Lady of the Lake 171 

English Shires: 

Beau Nash 139 

Ben Lomond 147 

Blythe Ben 145 

Holland Major 143 

Honest Tom 137 

French Coach : 

Superbe 131 

Percherons: 

Brilliant 179 

Cesar 1 89 

Cheer 191 

Cheri 181 

Conde 187 

Gladiateur 183 

Group 183 

Dolphin and foal 185 

Shetland Ponies : 

Group (Wilcox & Liggett's) 201 

Group (Eli Elliott's)' 199 

Thoroughbreds 77 

Hyder Ali 89 

Leonatus 87 

Trotters : 

Doc Vail 113 

Don Cossack 109 

Fairy Gift in 

Herod 105 

Maud S 101 

Phallas 103 

Trinket 107 

Wilkomont 1 1 5 



CATTLE. 
Aberdeen-Angus : PA ge 

Beauty of Hillhurst and calf 307 

Blackbird of Corskie 2d 319 

Black Prince 323 

Bruce's Queen 317 

Coquette 4th 305 

Edelweis 299 

Eila 299 

Electra 299 

Elizabeth and calf 313 

Equity 299 

Equinox 299 

Errant Knight 321 

Eugenia 299 

Group of calves 315 

Guido 303 

Judge 301 

Model Prince 311 

Paris 3d 309 

Young Viscount 299 

Ayrshires : 

Alice Douglas 417 

Gerta 4th 419 

Devons : 

Carlos 337 

O K Boy 339 

Wisconsin Belle and calf 339 

Galloways : 

Crusader 329 

Group of co ws 33 J 

Guernseys : 

Rosebud of Les Vauxbelets 4th and calf. . 409 

Sir Champion 13th 411 

Herefords : 

Anxiety 3d 267 

Archibald 261 

Beau Real 275 

Cassio 271 

Dysart 289 

Emerald 2d 283 

Grace 285 

Henrietta 3d 283 

Hesiod 269 

Lady Love 283 

Lord Devere 279 

Lovely 2d 281 

Prince Edward 277 



480 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Regulus 2S7 

Royal Grove 273 

Sir Bartle Frere 265 

The Grove 3d 259 

Washington 263 

Holstein-Friesians : 

Aaggie family (group) 359 

Duchess of York (group) 383 

Empress 37 J 

Imogene 369 

Lady Fay 373 

Lady of Jelsum 381 

Mercedes 365 

Mooie 3d 379 

Netherland family (group) 363 

Princess of Wayne 3d 367 

Royal Aaggie 375 

Susie Clay 377 

Violet family (group) 361 

Jerseys : 

Belle of Collingwood 407 

Bull calf 4°7 

Belmeda 399 

King of Ashantee 403 

Mary Anne of St. Lambert 395 

Nancy Lee 397 

Nancy Lee 2d 397 

Oxford's Kate 393 

Peoria Chief 405 

Princess 2d ... 39 1 

Quaker Girl 407 

Royalist 3d 401 

Red Polled : 

Duchess of Iowa 349 

Hawkeye 349 

Prime Minister 35 1 

Slasher 2d 349 

Short-horns : 

Baron Victor 231 

Benvenuto's Booth 215 

Cleveland 241 

Countess Bickerstaff and calf 225 

Dick Taylor of Glenwood 227 

Double Gloster 235 

Duke of Underley 211 



PAGE 

Eleventh Duke of Athol 237 

Fourth Duke of Clarence ! 219 

Grand Duchess of Gloster 6th and 10th. . 235 

Grand Duke of Gloster 235 

Golden Thistle 213 

Highland Flower 211 

McMullin 247 

Rose of Richland 61st, 64th, and 65th . . 229 

Schooler 241 

Show Herd (Croft's) 232 

Tenth Duchess of Geneva 211 

Thirty third Duke of Airdrie 233 

Tom Brown 245 

Von Tromp 221 

Water Sprite 239 

Group of calves (Hamilton's) 217 

Sussex : 

General Roberts 343 

Milk Maid 3d 343 

Rose Dew 15th 343 

Sussex bull 341 

Texans : 

Group 421 

SHEEP. 

Cotswold ram 441 

Hampshire Downs 447 

Leicester ram 441 

Lincoln ram 441 

Merinos (group) 439 

Oxfords (group) 443 

Shropshire Downs (group) 449 

Southdown ram Baron Thetford 445 

Southdown ewe Penelope 4th 445 

Southdown ewe Belle of Boskymead 445 

SWINE. 

Berkshire group (Penny's) 465 

Berkshire group (Rollins') 467 

Chester White boar and sow 475 

Essex group (Neely's) 473 

Poland-China group (Moore's) 471 

Poland-China group (Sisson's) 469 

Suffolk boar and sow 475 

Small Yorkshire boar and sow , 475 




■>M5 



JE&iK-o 



